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a group of species evolved from a SINGLE common ancestor
includes ALL the descendants of that ancestor
synonym for clade
[image] |
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a feature that unites the members of a monophyletic group
shared characteristic |
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found in all taxa w/ in analysis and therefore are not informative in distinguishing relationships
ancestral characteristic |
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| same function, but not from a single common ancestor |
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organisms independently evolve similar traits
NOT USEFUL IN DETERMINING EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS |
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the loss of a trait
NOT USEFUL IN DETERMINING EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS |
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| homoplasies / homoplastic traits |
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| features of organisms NOT derived from a common ancestor but from convergence or reversal |
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| does not include the common ancestor of all members of the taxon[image] |
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| some but NOT ALL descendants of a common ancestor[image] |
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| ancestral vs derived traits |
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ancestral: those inherited from distant ancestors
derived: by mutation |
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| evolutionary development and diversification of a species or group of organisms |
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| traits that could change in function or appearance but maintain the same/similar structure |
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| the preferred tree showing evolutionary relationships between species, molecules, or other entities is the one that requires the least amount of evolutionary change |
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| zygote -> cleavage occurs -> blastula (hollow ball) -> gastrula |
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| 2 embryonic cell layers (ecto & endoderm) |
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| 3 embryonic cell layers (ecto, meso, & endoderm) |
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| the embryonic cell layers |
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| opening formed by invagination |
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| cavity which the blastopore empties into |
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| forms into either the mouth or anus |
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| mouth second (anus first) |
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| hollow hollow ball of cells |
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| cavity at the core of the blastula |
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| morphological characteristics shared by all animals |
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Definition
Eukaryotes (which means have a nucleus)
Are all multicellular
must obtain food and water
are all Heterotrophs
Have cell membranes; NOT cell walls
Can locomote
Embryonic Development |
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Term
| patterns of embryonic development used to construct phylogenies |
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Definition
| provide evidence of phylogenetic relationships |
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| four key features of animal body plans |
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Definition
Tissues
Bilateral symmetry
Body cavity
Deuterostome development |
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Definition
| A large mass of similar cells that make up a part of an organism and perform a specific function |
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| can be divided in half on a plane and the same on both sides |
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| fluid-filled space in a multicellular organism |
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mouth develops after anus
(some ppl never go past this stage and are just assholes) |
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Definition
| outermost layer of skin,for protection |
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| thermoregulation, reduce body temp |
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| producing and releasing sebum onto the surface of the skin to help moisturize and protect the skin and hair |
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| goosebumps, causes hair to stand up straight |
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gives the skin its flexibility and strength
contains nerve endings, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, blood vessels |
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keep the body's temperature stable
helps protect the bones and muscles from damage |
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absorption and secretion
epihthelium and thin connective tissue |
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| layer of dense, irregular connective tissue or loose connective tissue that supports the mucosa |
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| transport blood throughout the body |
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| secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement |
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| secrete an alkaline fluid composed of mucin, which exerts a physiologic anti-acid function by coating the duodenal epithelium, therefore protecting it from the acid chyme of the stomach |
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| monitoring intestinal bacteria populations and preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines |
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smooth muscle
involuntary movement
moves food
controls respiration
moves secretions
regulates blood flow |
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skeletal muscle
voluntary movement
produces heat
protects organs |
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cardiac muscle
contracts to pump blood |
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Definition
nervous tissue
sensory input
integration
control of muscles |
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blood
transports O2 and CO2
FLUID CT |
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hyaline cartilage
connects bones
SUPPORTIVE CT |
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Definition
bone
supports and protects tissue
SUPPORTIVE CT |
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adipose tissue
store lipids and nucleus and cytoplasm
LCT |
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Definition
loose connective tissue
structure
cohesion
vascular |
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Definition
dense connective tissue
structure
cohesion
vascular |
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Definition
dense irreg ct
coverings encase and surround things like bone, cartilage, nerve fibers, and muscle fibers |
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Definition
simple squamous epithelium
Reduces friction
controls vessel permeability
performs absorption and secretion |
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simple cuboidal epithelium
secretion and absorbtion |
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simple columnar epithelium
absorption and secretion of mucus |
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stratified squamous epithelium
protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion |
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| direct voltage transmission by way of gap junctions |
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| neuortransmitter release b/w 2 neurons |
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| block the re-uptake or serotonin suppressing aggressive behavior |
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