Marchantia

Phylum: Hepaticophyta(liverwarts)

gametophyte thallus-large, flat, photosynthetic stucture on the surface of the ground

marchantia sporophyte 

Meiosis produces spores in the capsule of the diploid sporophyte 

marchantia 

antheridiophore with antheridia

Marchantia archaegonium with egg

during sexual reproduction an upright archegoniosphore on the gametophyte produces multiple archegonia on its undersurface.

an egg is produced in the haploid tissue of the archegonium

phylum:bryophyta(mosses)

Antheridial Head(male gametophyte)

antheridia-haploid sperm cells formed by mitosis 

Phylum: bryophyta(mosses)

archeagonial head-female gametophyte with eggs

phylum: bryophyta(mosses)

diploid capsule

on top of seta

calyptra-contains haploid spores formed by meiosis, falls off when mature

operculum- hairlike teeth on tip of capsule that control release of spores

Ferns

horsetails

whisk ferns

phylum: pterophyta

homosporous vascular plants. sperm motile. external water necessary for fertilization. stems ribbed, jointed, either photosynthetic or nonphotosynthetic. Leaves scalelike, in whorls, nonphotosynthetic at maturity. One Genus

strobilus of lycopodium 

phylum lycophyta(club mosses)

sporangia occur in leaves called sporophylls clustered in strobili(cones)

sites of meiosis

ferm sori

phylum pterophyta 

protective indusium covering multiple sporangia 

meiosis in sporangium produces haploid spores(first stage of gametophyte)

psilotum sporangium containing spores 

phylum pterophyta- whisk ferms

spores resulting from meiosos 

equisetum mature stobilus

phylum pterophyta-horsetails

sporangiophores branch from central axis to hold sporangia with spores inside

also contain elaters like in marchantia to aid in spore dispersal

pine leaf needle 

phylum coniferophyta 

note vascular tissie, epidermis, photosynthetic tissue, stroma, resn duct

pine mature embryo

cotyledons- stores nutrition 

pine pollen grain

phylum coniferophyta

each with enclosed male gametophyte and 4 nuclei

the two wings aid in dispersal 

pollen tube emerges between the wings 

pine ovule 

phylum coniferophyta 

tissue of megasporangium surrounding the megagametophyte is the nucellus(nutritive tissue) surounded by integuments that will form the seed coat 

pine staminate cone

male 

microsporophylls(analagous to ovuliferous scales) bears a microporangium which produces diploid microspore moter cells which then undergo meiosis to produce microspores that develpe via mitosis into microgametophytes called pollen grains 

pine ovulate cone

female 

ovuliferous scales with two megasporangia each which produces a diploid megaspore mother cel which undergoes meiosis to prodece a megaspore that devopes into a megagametophyte cia mitosis

lilium anther 

phylum anthophyta 

mature pollen grains are the product of microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis within the microsporangia of flower anthers 

diploid megasporocyte in lily ovary

phylum anthophyta 

notice the large egg gametophyte 

before meiosis 

four-nucleate embryo sac after meiosis

meiosis produced four haploid megaspores in the embryo sac

only one developes into the egg 

capsella mature embryo

cycad seeds

phylum cyadophyta

ginko

phylum ginkgophyta

large diocious tree

ephedra

phylum gnetophyta 

most similar to angiosperms

flowerlike compound stobili, vessels in secondary xylem, loss of archegonia, and double fertilization 

liverwarts, mosses, hornwarts

rhizoids-rootlike stuctures 

thallus-body

alteration of generations

anteridia=male

archegonia=female

sphagmum

phylum bryophyta 

polytrichum

phylum bryophyta

fruiting moss

phylum bryophyta

polytrichum antheridia

bryophyta

polytrichium archeagonia

bryophyta 

marchantia gametophyte

phylum hepaticophyta 

pores, rhizoids, photosynthetic tisse and nonphotosynthetic tissue 

gemmae cups(splash cups)

pylum hepaticophyta

asexual reproduction in liverwarts

gemmae are splashed out by ain and grow into new gametophytes identical to parents by mitosis

elaters in marchantia sporopyte

phylum hepaticophyta 

elaters help disperse spores by twisting

coil when humid, expand when dry

mosses

gametophyte dominant 

reproduce assexually by fragmentation

dioecious 

liverwarts

gametophyte dominant vegatative phase

reproduce asexually via fragmentation or gemmae cups 

dioecious(male and female reproductive structures on seperate individuals)

phylum pterphyta(ferns), phylum psilophyta(whisk ferns), phylum lcophyta(club mosses), phylum sphenophyta(horsetails) 

Shared characteristics of bryophytes: pigments, life cycle, storage of starch

Differences: internal tissues(xylem and phloem), leaves and roots

gameotophytes became smaller and sporophytes bigger

club mosses

homosporous or heterosporous vascular plants. sperm motile. external water necesary for fertilization. leaves are microphylls. 12-13 genera 

"naked seed"

bear exposed seeds, usually cones

sporophyte dominant(usually tree)

gemetophyte small

heterosporous-microspores and megaspores

do not need water to transfer egg

4 phyla: cyadophyta, ginkgophyta, coniferophyta, gnetophyta

"enclosed seed"-seeds enclosed within carpels

phylum anthophyta-flowering plants

dominant sporophyte

reduced gametophyte

heterospory 

double ferilization 

one cotyledon per embryo

flower parts in sets of 3

parallel veration in leaves

multiple rings of vascular bundles in stem

lack a true vascualr cambium

fibrous root system

two cotyledons per embryo

flower parts in sets of 4 or 5

reticulate venation in leaves

one ring of vascualr bundles or cylinder of vascular tissue 

have one true vascular cambium

tap root system

corn grain 

embryo nourished by starchy endosperm 

pericarp is inseperable from seed

ferm sori (brown part)

phylum pterophyta

lycopodium

phylum lycophyta 

asexual reproduction via rhizoids

stobili are cones that contain sporangia 

selaginella 

phylum lycophyta

isoetes

phylum lycophyta 

rhizophores-runnerlike organ between stems and roots 

psilotum

phylum pterophyta(whisk ferms)

Jointed and ribbed stem from siliceous deposits in its epidermal cells 

equisetum

phylum: pterophyta

vegatative structure identifies the plant bette than reproductive

spore-producing cones

spores produced by meiosis give rise to a singel gametophyte

phylum anthophyta

a simple fleshy fruit,berry, develops from a compound ovary

phylum anthophyta

pome fruit- most of its flesh derived from a large receptacle that grows up around the ovary

phylum anthophyta

an aggregate fruit derived from a single flower with many pistils 

phylum anthophyta

multiple fruit

fruit from carpels of many flowers fused together 

phylum anthophyta 

achene 

phylum anthophyta

capsule 

1. stigma

2. carpel(female)

3. style

4. Ovary- contains ovules that have the megagametophyte

5. sepal- protect the developing flower(calyx)

6. receptacle- bears the organs

7. peduncle- flower stalk

8. petal- corolla

9. filament

10. stamen(male)

11. anther 

Androecium- male portion of the plants that rises above the inside of the petals. consists of stamens anther with filament on top

gynocecium- female portion of the plant that rises above the inside of the andoecium. consists of one or more carpels each made up of an overy, style, and stigma 

endosperm

scutellum-cotyldon which helps absorb endosperm

coleptile- sheath enclosing shoot apical meristem

root

root cap

coleorhiza- sheath enclosing embyonic root of grass embryo

shoot apical meristem