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Kingdom first proposed in 1969 by Robert Whitaker
Includes all unicellular, eukaryotic organisms |
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| unicellular forms are informally referred to as |
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| multi-cellular algae and slime molds are informally referred to as |
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| Protists' cells that contain membrane-bound nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles |
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| Plant-like, sedentary organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis |
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| Animal-like, motile organisms that ingest large food particles and digest them intracellularly |
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The cell’s outer membrane made up of a two flexible layers of phospholipids with embedded proteins, and separates the contents of the cell from its outside environment, as well as regulates what enters and exits the cell
In animal protists |
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| a rigid layer of cellulose, calcium carbonate, or silica lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria |
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| Plant protists store their glucose reserves as |
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| Animal protists store their glucose reserves as |
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| All protists can undergo mitosis (generally by simple fission) |
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| Some protists undergo a combo of meiosis and nuclear exchange |
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| Protists form these to allow them to lie dormant to escape harsh conditions that they normally couldn't survive |
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| descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially one not shared with any other group |
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| Kingdom Protista decendants from two or more ancestral forms |
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monophyletic kingdom made up of two groups of flagellates: euglenoids and kinetoplastids
Unicellular, motile flagellates that reproduce asexually by binary fission
Many are heterotrophic, some photosynthetic
All possess flexible plasma (cell) membranes |
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| a slender threadlike, whiplike appendage that enables many protists to swim |
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| Flagellum extends from the reservoir in the anterior of the organism |
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| a pigmented photoreceptor that provides chemical info to the cell about intensity of light in its environment |
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| large, central in organism |
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| many, large, throughout organism, can photosynthesize |
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photosynthetic pigment
in modern plants |
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in dark environments can be heterotrophic, absorbing organic molecules
more animal-like than plant-like
Stores glucose in lipids |
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Large, circular, near anterior pocket
Pumps out excess water that diffuses into the organism because of the osmotic gradient in freshwater environments |
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| Unicellular, parasitic flagellates |
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enveloped in a single, large mitochondrion
organelle that houses extra-nuclear DNA
located at end of the body opposite the flagellum |
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| a lateral expansion of the plasma membrane |
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| Monophyletic kingdom containing dinoflagellates, sporozoans, and ciliates |
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| small cavities under cell surfaces |
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1,000 species
among the most important primary photosynthetic producers of organic matter in the oceans |
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flagella arise from it, one lies in a groove around the equator of the cell and the other extends from the end of the cell in the other groove
formed along internal cellulose plates |
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| primary photosynthetic pigment in dinoflagellates |
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| reserves of glucose can be stored in these in dinoflagellates |
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| Blooms of dinoflagellates that color the ocean a deep reddish hue and poisons massive numbers of fish and shellfish |
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| unicellular parasites characterized by an apical complex of organelles that they use to penetrate the host cell |
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| organism that harbors parasite and transmits it while remaining unaffected |
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more than 8,000 described species
unicellular heterotrophs
two types of nuclei: micronuclei, macronuclei |
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| small "hairs" for locomotion and feeding |
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| ciliates undergo an elaborate process of sexual gene shuffling using micronuclei |
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| stiff outer covering that maintains basic cellular shape |
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organelle containing many copies of a few genes
primarily controls metabolic processes of cell |
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typical eukaryotic nucleus containing entire genome
essential for genetic recombination |
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| lateral depression into which food is swept by ciliary currents |
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| tubular invagination lined with cilia where food enters and food vacuoles form |
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| small, spherical organelle containing enzymes to digest food |
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| site where indigestible matter is expelled from the cell |
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| unicellular heterotrophs that lack cell walls |
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| cytoplasmic extensions used for feeding and locomotion |
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| engulf their food by extensions of the plasma membrane elongate and surround the food item |
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