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Bio Lab
Bio Lab
56
Biology
Undergraduate 1
05/05/2009

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Term
The Five Kingdoms
Definition
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
Term
Plantae
Definition
Bryophyta, Pterophyta, Coniferophyta, Anthophyta
Term
Animalia
Definition
Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Arthropoda, Chordata
Term
Kingdom Monera
Definition
a. Single-Celled, Have cell walls
b. prokaryotic (lacking membrane-bound organelles)
c. some are autotrophic and can make their own food through photosynthesis (ex: blue green algae)
d. others are heterotrophic and must absorb their food. which make them good decomposers (ex. Escherichia coli and lactobaccius acidophilus in our guts)
Term
Moneran Bacteria Shapes
Definition
Bacillus: Rod
Coccus: Round
Spirillum: Spiral
Term
Kingdom Protista
Definition
a. single-celled
b. are eukaryotic with membrane-bound organelles (nucleus, etc)
c. often aquatic
d. producers, consumers, and decomposers
i. amoebas and paramecium ingest their food and are heterotrophs
ii. euglenas have chloroplasts and are autotrophs
Term
Kingdom Fungi
Definition
a. multicellular eukaryotes
b. are all heterotrophs which absorb their food across their hyphae body surface (makes them important decomposers)
c. thread-like hyphae form mats called mycelium (to improve feeding surface area)
d. the visible sporangium release spores through the gill slits above the ground for reproduction and dispersal
Term
Kingdom Plantae
Definition
a. multicellular, eukaryotic
b. autotrophic
Phylum Bryophyta
a. usually shorter han most plants and non-vascular
b. includes mosses and lichens
Term
Phylum Pterophyta (Plantae)
Definition
a. have vascular tissue and are usually notably taller than bryophytes
b. includes the ferns
c. have relatively large leaves called fronds which house the spore- containing structures on the underside
Term
phylum Coniferophyta (Plantae)
Definition
a. their name means "cone bearer? as cones are their reproducive organ
b. Reproduction is accomplished from the seeds which nurture the growing embryonic plant.
c. also have vascular tissue.
d. Common examples are pine, fir, and spruce trees.
Term
Phylum Anthophyta (Plantae)
Definition
a. also called angiosperms, these are dnoted by the presence of flowers containing gamete-producing tissues
b. fruit is often formed around an anthophyte's seed to aid in dispersal
c. also have vascular tissue
Term
Kingdom Animalia
Definition
a. multicellular eukaryotes
b. heterotrophic feeding through ingestion
Term
Phylum Porifera & Cnidaria (Animalia)
Definition
a. unlike most animals, members of Porifera never move at all (ex: sponges) and are filter feeders
b. Cnidarians often use stinging cells to catch their food for ingestion
ac. examples: sponges (Porifera) and coral, jellyfish, anemones (Cnidaria)
Term
Phylum Platyhelminthes (Animalia)
Definition
a. worm-like animals that ingest food through a tube-like proboscis
b. includes flatworms, planaria, flukes, and tapeworms
c. some are parasites
Term
Phylum Annelida (Animalia)
Definition
a. Annelids are worm-like as well, but they are distinguished by a segmented body and a coelom (internal body cavity which protects the internal organs and allows specialization of the digestive tract)
b. examples are earthworms and leeches
Term
Phylum Mollusca (Animalia)
Definition
a. the mollusks also have a coelom, but uniquel have a mantle. This tissue secretes the material needed for the shell found in many mollusks.
b. examples include slugs, snails, mussels, clams, octopi, and squid.
Term
Phylum Arthropoda (Animalia)
Definition
a. The arthropods have the greatest number of species in the animal kingdom.
b. their characteristics include:
-a coelom
-segmentation
-jointed appendages
-an exoskeleton
c. some arthropods include spiders, crabs, lobsters, butterflies, beetles, bees, centipedes, and flies
Term
Phylum Echinodermata (Animalia)
Definition
a. their phylum name means "spiny skin" and live only in salt water.
b. they all have a five-fold symmetry
c. examples include sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars
Term
Phylum Chordata (Animalia)
Definition
a. the chordates have the following distinguishing characteristics:
-dorsal nerve cord
-a rod shaped support structure called a notochord
-pharyngeal gill slits
b. note that not all chordates are vertebrates: Amphioxus
c. examples include the folowing classes: fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals
Term
Dorsal Nerve Cord
Definition
This is the spinal cord hich runs the length of vertebrate animals. It is surrounded by the verebrae
Term
Notochord
Definition
This is an embryonic structure from the mesoderm that is crucial for the formation of the dorsal nerve cord. It is also used for axial support in lower chordates.
Term
Pharyngeal Pouches
Definition
These form in the early embryo and develop into gill slits in fish and some other chordates, and as vocal chords in higher chordates (mice, humans, etc.)
Term
Taxonomy Flow Charts
Definition
1. each branch can only have one arm
2. must be characterized by biologically relevant characteristics (ex. heterotroph vs. autotroph)
3. can't just name the kingdom/pylum
4. must be fully resolved and identify your organism at the end.
Term
Hints for Flow Charts
Definition
1. Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
2. single or multi celled?
3. heterotroph or autotroph?
4. if heterotroph, ingest or absorb?
5. Beyond that, use individual phylum characteristics, especially bold words (ex. mantle of no mantle for clam vs. tiger)
Term
Comparing individual and population growth
Definition
individuals grow by addition
populations gro by multiplication
Term
How do population sizes grow?
Definition
Population sizes often increase exponentially as a function of the size of the population so that the larger the population, the larger the degree of increase

Animals and other organisms cannot live forever, so we must take into consideration the mortality rate of the population
Term
How are population sizes limited?
Definition
1. When a population exists under ideal conditions, its maximum rate of increase is called the biotic potential (includes death rates)
2. "Environmental resistance" is an example of a limiting factor that can act to slow down growth and prevent a population from reaching its biotic potential.
Term
biotic limiting factors
Definition
-predators
-competition between different species
-competition between the same species
-food supply
-availability of mates
Term
abiotic limiting factors
Definition
-water supply
-environmental conditions
-availability of shelter
Term
Carrying Capacity
Definition
a. once a population's growth starts to level off, it is said to have reached its carrying capacity.
b. the graph's curve goes from a j-shaped to an s-shaped curve.
c. ex: the human population growth curve is currently very much j_shaped as we have multiplied exponentially over the last century
Term
Survivorship Curves
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
Definition
a. when young chance of survival is very high and decreases at high age.
c. when young gradually decreases until high age.
d. when young chance of survival is very low, but survivors live long.
Term
Age Structure of populations
Definition
1. Age structure charts show how many of each age class are present in the population.
2. The width of the band determines the relative number of each age class in the population.
Term
Reproductive Status
Definition
Pre-reproductive: have not yet reached sexual maturity (a large pre-reproductive age class indicates a growing population)

Reproductive: sexually mature individuals

Post-reproductive: no longer reproduce
Term
Life Tables
Definition
Life tables take into consideration: survivorship (l), the percentage of individuals that live to a certain age; and fecundity (b), the average number of female offspring one female has during her time in that age bracket.

Multiplying l x b gives the age class specific contribution to reproduction (lb) for each age group.

To find the net reproductive rae (R), we sum up all the l x b values.

If the population size is stable, the R value is one. If it is growing, it will be greaer than one. If the population is in decline, it will be less than one.
Term
Biotic
Definition
the organisms in an environment
Term
Abiotic
Definition
non-living components of an environment (light, temperature, nutrients, climate)
Term
Ecosystem
Definition
all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; a community & its physical environment
Term
Food Web
Definition
describes the trophic structure (the feeding relationships of an ecosystem)
Term
Biomass
Definition
mass of living material at a certain trophic level
Term
Trophic levels
Definition
Energy in the form of food is transferred up the trophic levels from its source in plants and other photosynthetic organisms (primary producers) through herbivores (primary consumers) to carnivores (secondary and tertiary consumers) and eventually decomposers
Term
Niche
Definition
a niche is described as an ecological role of a species in its environment i.e. how the species "fits into" its environment and how it interacts with biotic and abiotic factors
Term
Competition
Definition
when two organisms require the same resource simultaneously, they are said to be in competition with one another.
Term
Competitive exclusion principle
Definition
states that no two species can share the same niche. They might occur in the same area but they cannot be doing exactly the same thing at the same time if this occurs the competition for resources will eventually lead to the extinction of one species.

However, ecologically similar species can coexist in a community if there are one or more significant differences in their niches.
Term
Checks and balances in nature
Definition
the purpose of the predator is to hold the prey population in check. however, having as many predator as there are prey will not check the prey population but lead to its extinction. the extinction of the predator is then imminent.
Term
Energy Pyramids
Definition
the organisms in each trophic level typically pass on between 5% and 10% of their energy to the next level

an average of 90% of the energy entering each step of the food chain is "lost" as heat.

the consumers at the top of a food pyramid, as a group thus have much less energy available to support them than those closer to the bottom. thatss why their numbers are relatively few in most communities.
Term
The Hardy-Weinberg Law
Definition
Gene frequencies in a population do not change over time, provided certain critical assumptions are met:

1. Large population size- A drastic, sudden decrease in population size would likely change allelic frequencies.

2. Random Mating

3. No mutation of genes- This law assumes that there is no change in DNA due to mutations.

4. No natural selection- natural selection means the "differential" survival of individuals based upon traits. Organisms with desirable traits may be more likely to survive and/or produce offspring.

5. No migration of genes- assumes that different populations of the same species do not interbreed.
Term
What would happen if the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions were violated?
Definition
Well, they usually are not true, and thats the point. allelic frequencies can and do change over time. But often times, these are just fluctuations. some traits could theoretically be eliminated from a population as well. (perhaps if there was a very few number of individuals or the trait was extremely disadvantageous.)
Term
Gene Pool
Definition
the total number of alleles for a specific gene in a population
Term
Gene frequency
Definition
the percentage of one allele out of all alleles for that particular gene in a population
Term
Gene Formula
Definition
p= dominant allele
q= recessive allele

If there are only two alleles, their combined frequencies must obviously equal 100?, so: p+q=1

If p is the probability that an individual will receive one dominant allele, then p^2 is the probability that one individual will receive two of that same allele (and be homozygous dominant, so:
p^2+2pq+q^2=1
Term
Gene flow
Definition
migration between populations

effects of natural selection on gene frequencies
Term
Genetic drift:
Definition
effects of population size on gene frequencies
Term
What happens to allelic frequency when there is gene flow (migration)?
Definition
Separate and divergent populations become homogenous. Over time, 2 initially different populations will be quite similar in gene frequencies.
Term
Bottleneck Effect
Definition
Some populations can undergo a population bottleneck where their population size is sharply reduced due to some catastrophic event.

If this happens, the remaining remnant of the population will probably not perfectly reflect the genetic makeup f the previous, larger population.
Term
Genetic drift
Definition
random changes in gene frequency dut to sampling error.
Term
Founder Effect
Definition
occurs when only a small number of individuals from the original population are there at the founding of a new population

ex. cattle egrets from the Old World were blown off course by storms and landed in Florida in the 1800s.
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