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| are those that can be verified- repeated and consistently interpreted by different observers. |
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| are those that are observer-specific and may not be interpreted in the same way by different people. (opinion/feelings) |
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| unicellular organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Reproduction is mainly asexual. |
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| 1.Observations, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Perform a controlled experiment, Results, Conclusion |
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| cells with a nucleus, lysosomes, ER, Golgi, and mitochodrion |
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| prokaryotes. they convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into forms that can be used by plants. Decomposers. Two types-photosynthetic and chemosynthetic. |
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| A shape of bacteria. Rod-shaped. |
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| A shape of bacteria. Small spheres |
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| A shape of bacteria. Corkscrew-shaped |
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[image] It converts the milk to yogurt |
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| Colonial Bacteria. have chlorophyll a, which gives them their color. [image] |
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| lactobacillus acidophilus |
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| Form very large colonies over 4mm wide, strikingly white and glistening and very raise. staining will show large, oval cells.[image] |
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| Forms 2-3mm wide, moist-looking colonies that are opaque off-white or sometimes yellow. Gram-positive may be seen in bunches. |
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| Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining. This is in contrast to Gram-negative bacteria, which cannot retain the crystal violet stain, instead taking up the counterstain (safranin or fuchsin) and appearing red or pink. Gram-positive organisms are able to retain the crystal violet stain because of the high amount of peptidoglycan in the cell wall. Gram-positive cell walls typically lack the outer membrane found in Gram-negative bacteria. |
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| forms tiny colonies less than 1mm wide, transparent, and barely off-white in color and stains as a gram-positive coccus. Common in nose and mouth. |
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| forms large colonies over 3mm wide, usually off-white, opaque and often waxy looking. Stains as large, gram-positive. |
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| typically 2-3mm wide, transparent, off-white and frequently foul-smelling colonies, quite well looking. stains as small, gram-negative. common in intestines. |
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Definition
| similar to coliforms but often forms characteristic yellow-green, green or blue-green pigment, which diffuses into the medium. |
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| hairy looking colonies, stains show hyphae (broken ends and size distinguish them from bacilli) |
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| moves water from low solute concentraion to high solute concentration. |
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| particles move spontaneously with the concentration gradient (high to low) |
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| Have one food vacuole [image] single-celled organism belonging to the phylum ciliophora. They are heterophobic, therefore they live in fresh water. They have numerous hair-like cilia along the cell membrane over the entire body cell, which are used for locomotion and food capture. |
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Definition
| in paramecium, one on each end. They remove excess fluids from the cell |
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| in ciliates, controls cell maintenance functions. |
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| in ciliates, responsible for genetic and reproductive functions, including producing macronucleus. |
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Unicellular organism. Photosynthetic and contains chlorophyll a and b. They require vitamins to surround and ingest food particles. [image] |
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Connected to one another by thin cytoplasmatic strands. Produce daughter colonies inside the parent, which are released when the parent colony bursts. [image] |
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| implies that cloroplasts, along with the mitochondria were once themselves prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by and, through evolutionary processes, developed symbiotic relationship with their host cells. |
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| Common pond weed found in NC. [image] |
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| is cellular shrinkage occuring as a result of a cell being exposed to a hypertonic (high concentration) solution and therefore losing its water |
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| carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen + water |
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Definition
| takes care of absorbing the light. |
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| Where the carbohydrate formation or synthisis reactions take place. It's the fluid within the chloroplasts that surrounds the thylakoids. |
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Definition
| The oxygen given off comes from water. Electrons reduce NADP+ to NADPH. |
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More reaction, clearer substance. 2DPIP+2H20+chloroplasts--> 2DPIPH2+O2
DPIP is reduced |
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| contains variables, hypothesis, background info. |
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| Materials and methods of report |
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| Contains materials, methods and controls |
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| contains the claim on hypothesis. |
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| Rf value in chromatography |
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| = distance substance travels/distance solvent travels |
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| Polar molecules get absorbed and don't move, non-polars go. |
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| = change in %T/ change in time |
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| an allele that is always expressed |
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| an allele that is always expressed only in the homozygous condition |
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-for diploid organisms each chromosome in a matching pair (i.e., each homologous chromosome) has an equal chance of being passed on to a given gamete through meiosis.
-Each gamete has an equal chance of receiving one allele or the other from the parent for every single gene. |
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Definition
| came up with the law of segregation |
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| Mendel's second law. it states that in meiosis different(non-homologous ) chromosomes assort into gametes independently from one another. |
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sum( (expected-observed)^2/expected)
To the left of 0.2 it is chance, to the right is by some other factor. degrees of freedom= # of observations- 1 |
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| XXY. Unusual body proportions and sterility; subnormal mental ability. |
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| XO. Short stature; webbing of the neck; may have low ability and sterility |
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| XXX. may have low mental ability; fertile |
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| catlike cry; severe physical and mental abnormalities; non-lethal |
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| Physical abnormalities; lethal soon after birth. |
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| Unusual features of the head and fingers; often dies in infancy |
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| Characteristic facial features; low mental ability; stocky build; sometimes heart defects |
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| May have above average height |
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| is a hereditary disease affecting the exocrine (mucus) glands of the lungs, liver, pancreas, and intestines, causing progressive disability due to multisystem failure. |
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| a life-long blood disorder characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. Sickling decreases the cells' flexibility and results in a risk of various complications. The sickling occurs because of a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. Life expectancy is shortened, with studies reporting an average life expectancy of 42 and 48 years for males and females, respectively. |
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is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). This enzyme is necessary to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine to the amino acid tyrosine. When PAH is deficient, phenylalanine accumulates and is converted into phenylpyruvate (also known as phenylketone), which is detected in the urine.[citation needed]
Left untreated, this condition can cause problems with brain development, leading to progressive mental retardation and seizures. However, PKU is one of the few genetic diseases that can be controlled by diet. A diet low in phenylalanine and high in tyrosine can be a very effective treatment. There is no cure. Damage done is irreversible so early detection is crucial. |
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Definition
| genetic variation and differential reproduction |
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| the change in frequency of different alleles in a population from generation to generation. |
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| thin, fleshy layer that secretes a hard shell |
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| rasp-like structure in the mouth, used for scraping algae and drilling into hard shells of other molluscs as seen in predatory gastropods. |
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| Class polyplacophora. They have an elongated, flattened body protected by segmented shells secreted by the mantle. Use ventral foor for clinging to rocks. |
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| Class bivalvia. Usually sedentary although they can move by digging their foot. Filter feeders, with no radula. Have a shell. Have hinge ligament, siphons, muscular foot, gills. Born males, mature in females. |
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| used to keep the organs together. |
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| modification of the mantle. In freshwater, they are important in portecting the larvae until they can be released. |
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Definition
| in clams, they are used for respiration and for feeding. Water is filtered in the gills and particles attach to mucus on the gills. They function as brood chambers |
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| class gastropoda. only mollusc that can be found on land. They undergo torsion. |
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| a cover that closes in an aquatic snails |
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| results in asymmetric adults. Is a process where, during development, the visceral mass and mantle rotate so that the anus ends up lying in the anterior body over the head and mouth. |
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| Class cephalopoda. Considered advanced molluscs because they are very active predators and open ocean swimmers. Don't have radula, got tentacles instead. Their siphon is a modification of the foot, not of the mantle like in clams. |
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| make reactions in cells go at a speed necessary to maintain life. |
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| chemicals which do not change or become consumed in reactions, but speed them up. |
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| it corresponds to green, because the benzoquinone(product) is orange and absorbs the green light. |
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| enzyme experiment has catechol being ______ in the presence of _______ |
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| required for enzymes to achieve active conformation(proper shape). In order to test which one is the cofactor, it is the one which causes the most product to be formed. |
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| in female pigs, a small bud-like protusion, just ventral to the anus. |
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| same as posterior; the tail end. |
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| on a small mound just posterior to the umbilical cord on the ventral side. |
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| the layer of epidermis sloughed off as more is produced |
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| umbilical cord and curled hooves |
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| has 2 umbilical arteries(deoxygenated) and 1 umbilical vein(oxygenated). Has alantoic stalk, which removes waste from the fetal bladder |
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| the upper cavity; the chest area |
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| store in the gall bladder. It is a by-product of the breakdown of hemoglobin. |
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| a circular muscle which prevents backflow of contents from the intestine to the stomach |
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| a greenish-black material formed mostly from amniotic fluid and sloughed-off cells that fills the fetal digestive system. |
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| The first loop of the small intestine |
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| holds the pancreas in place |
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| has both digestive and endocrine functions |
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| blind sac, where the small intestine meets the large intestine |
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| a device designed to keep the respiratory and digestive systems separate |
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| the opening into the respiratory system |
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| the first part of the digestive system. |
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| where the lungs are found |
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| where the lungs/heart are. |
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| lines the abdominal cavity |
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| next to the kidney, part of the endocrine system. |
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| connects the kidney to the urinary bladder |
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| small tubes leading to the spermatic cord |
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| a translucent membrane covering the heart |
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| a spongy tissue covering the hear, part of the immune system |
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| two upper, smallet, thin-walled receiving chambers in the heart |
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| lower 2 parts of heart, the pumping chambers |
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| the ligament which joins the testes to the scrotal sac |
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| splits the two ventricles |
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| drains the upper part of the body |
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| drains the lower part of the body |
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| drains the small intestine and delivers the blood to the liver |
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Definition
| one of the fetal heart adaptations that help bypass the lungs. located between the two atria allowing some blood flowing into the right atrium to be shunted to the left atrium without being sent to the lungs |
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Definition
| a connection between the pulmonary artey and the systemic trunk |
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| attaches the brain to the skull |
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| Cover the slide with a pool of Crystal violet. Rinse and replace with Gram's iodine. Tilt over and trickle acetone-alcohol over it to decolorize the smear. Rinse the slide and apply Safarin stain. rinse. |
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| probability of one event OR another |
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Definition
| probability of event A + prob of event B |
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| bacteria convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into forms that can be used by plants |
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