Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| it carries each cell's genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
| segments of DNA that carry the code for making a molecule or regulating a cellular function |
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Term
| what kind of strands does DNA structure have? |
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Definition
-two anti-parallel strands
-complementary strands |
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Term
| what direction does dna go in? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two purines in DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two pyrimidines |
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Definition
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Term
| what is chargaff's rules? |
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Definition
| 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to alter the genetics of organisms through DNA technology |
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Term
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Definition
| building-block molecules of DNA |
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Term
| what are nucleotides made up of? |
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Definition
| a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar molecule and a ringed nitrogen-containing molecule referred to as a "base" or nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
special enzymes that chop up DNA molecules at certain recognition sites known as restriction sites
-'molecular scissors' |
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Term
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Definition
| recognizes a specific sequence of nucleotides |
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Term
| how will a person's DNA sequences look when they're chopped up? |
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Definition
| the pieces will exhibit different patterns when they are separated |
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Term
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Definition
| a process that separates DNa fragments by size and (charge) weight by using an electric field and represents them as bands |
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Term
| what does the enzyme EcoRI recognize? |
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Definition
| GAATTC and cuts between G and A |
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Term
| what kind of matrix is used for DNA samples in the gel electrophoresis? |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of matrix is used for DNA samples in the gel electrophoresis? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does a low agarose concentration allow? |
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Definition
| resolution of larger DNA fragments |
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Term
| what do higher concentrations of agarose funciton? |
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Definition
| they facilitate separation of small DNA fragments |
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Term
| DNA differences used as genetic markers can be used for what? |
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Definition
| genetic fingerprinting (DNA profiling, testing, typing) |
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Term
| individual-specific patterns, "fingerprints" |
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Definition
| created by highly polymorphic regions that have short repeated sequences of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| variable number tandem repeats; 2-50 repeated nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| short tandem repeats, often tetra- or penta-nucleotide repeates; microsatellites |
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Term
| what are VNTRs and STRs function? |
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Definition
| frequently repeated sequences of DNA in introns (the non-coding regions of the genome) |
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Term
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Definition
| restriction fragment length polymorphism= first profiling technique |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that have had foreign DNA segments or genes inserted into their cells, in other words, have undergone genetic engineering |
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Term
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Definition
| genetically modified organisms |
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Term
| what are the three components to the cardiovascular system? |
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Definition
| blood, heart, blood vessels |
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Term
| the blood vessels transport blood to and from each part of our body through ___ and ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the four chambers of the heart? |
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Definition
2 atria= right and left; receive venous blood
2 ventricles= right and left; eject blood into pulmonary arteries and aorta |
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Term
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Definition
| tough, fibrous sac that protects the heart on the outside while anchoring it to the surrounding structures. (dense connective tissue) |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer composed of epithelial and connective tissue (serous membrane) |
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Term
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Definition
| thick layer of cardiac muscle tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| thin inner layer continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| thin inner layer continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular partition that separates the right and left sides of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| the body's largest artery |
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Term
| atrioventricular (AV) valves |
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Definition
| located between the atria and the ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| between the Right atrium and the right ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| between the left atrium and left ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
aortic= between the aorta and the left ventricle
pulmonary= between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle |
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Term
| what are the two reasons why cardiac muscle is special? |
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Definition
1) it does not connect to bone like skeletal muscle
2) it contracts continuously to propel blood through the blood vessels to every region of the body |
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Term
| where is the heart's natural position? |
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Definition
| the chest or thoracic cavity |
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Term
| when the blood returns to the heart from the body's tissues, it enters the heart at the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| after it enters the right atrium, where does the blood pass through? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the right ventricle do? |
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Definition
| it pumps blood through a second valve and into the artery leading to the lungs |
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Term
| When blood returns from the lungs to the heart, it enters ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| after the left atrium where does the blood pass through? |
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Definition
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Term
| where does the right side of the heart rest on? |
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Definition
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Term
| there are 3 large blood vessels. Where and what are they? |
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Definition
| one is in the center, the aorta. which is situated between the "superior vena cava" on the right side and the "pulmonary trunk" on the left side of the heart |
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Term
| what separates the left and right ventricles? |
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Definition
| the interventricular septum |
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Term
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Definition
| the area where the aorta arches over the pulmonary trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood back to the heart. |
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Term
| what is the flow of the pulmonary circulation? |
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Definition
| Right ventricle to the lungs to the left atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| aorta and its branches carry oxygenated blood to tissue cells, while inferior and superior venae cavae and their branches carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. |
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Term
| what is the flow of systemic circulation |
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Definition
| left ventricle to tissue cells to right atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| brings blood to the heart from the inferior or lower part of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| brings blood to the heart from teh superior or upper part of the body |
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Term
| what does the pulmonary semilunar valve regulate? |
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Definition
| the flow of blood into the pulmonary trunk (right side) |
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Term
| what does the aortic semilunar valve regulate? |
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Definition
| the flow of blood into the aorta (on the left side) |
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Term
| what is the right atrioventricular (AV) valve for? |
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Definition
one valve that regulates teh floow of blood from the atrial chambers to the ventricular chambers. (on the right side)
also known as the tricuspid valve |
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Term
| what is the left atrioventricular (AV) valve? |
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Definition
a valve that regulates the flow of blood from teh atrial chambers to teh ventricular chambers on teh left side.
also known as the mitral or bicuspid valve |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the contractions of these powerful ventricular muscles provide the blood pressure to transport blood from teh heart to the extremities: the fingers and toes. |
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Term
| what is the typical heart rate at rest? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does pulse refer to? |
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Definition
| alternating surges of the pressure in an artery, which correlates to the contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| the repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what does teh 1st "lub" sound refer to? |
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Definition
| the closing of the AV valves |
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Term
| what does teh 2nd "dub" sound refer to? |
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Definition
| the closing of the semilunar valves |
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Term
| what is the typical healthy resting heart rate in adults? |
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Definition
60-80 beats/minute
(everything between 60-100bpm is normal) |
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Term
| what are athletes' heart rates? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consistently below 60 bpm |
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Term
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Definition
| consistently above 100 bpm |
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Term
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Definition
| measures the changing blood pressure associated with the pulse |
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Term
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Definition
| the force that blood exerts on teh wall of the blood vessel |
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Term
| what is blood pressure measured in? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is blood pressure measured? |
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Definition
| indirectly on the brachial artery when a pressure cuff is inflated and deflated |
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Term
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Definition
| the peak pressure in the arteries during the contraction of ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest pressure at the resting phase of the cardiac cycle- relaxation of ventricles and atria |
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Term
| what is the equation for pulse pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the resting pulse pressure in healthy adults? |
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Definition
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Term
| during exercise, what prgressively increases and what remains the same? |
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Definition
| systolic pressure increases, diastolic pressure remains the same |
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Term
| what are the four different types of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the universal donor? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the universal recipient? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
identifying proteins
antigen A, B, Rh |
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Term
| what antibodies are formed for type a blood |
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Definition
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Term
| what antiobodies are formed for type B blood |
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Definition
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Term
| type Ab blood contains... |
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Definition
| both antigens A and B but doesnt form antibodies against either |
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Term
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Definition
| doesnt contain A or B, but forms antibodies against both |
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Term
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Definition
| (Rhesus factor)the name given to another antigen present in red blood cells. People with Rh+ blood have the antigen, while those with Rh- blood dont |
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Term
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Definition
| the clumping of blood cells |
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Term
| Rh+ persons cannot donate blood to? |
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Definition
| Rh- person because anti-Rh antibodies produced only after Rh- person is exposed to Rh+ blood |
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Term
| what disease comes about between an Rh- mom and Rh+ baby? |
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Definition
| Rh disease or hemolytic disease |
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Term
| what prevents the mom's sensitization to the Rh antigen and production of anti-Rh antibodies? |
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Definition
| injections of RhoGAM (Rh0(D) Immune Globulin |
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Term
| what are the kidneys responsible for? |
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Definition
the elimination of most of teh waste products from the metabolism of nitrogen containing compounds such as urea and creatinine from protein catabolism, as well as ketone bodies from fat catabolism.
-maintain homeostasis of electrolyte conc., fluid balance and acid-base balance |
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Term
| what is the difficulty of this kideny funciton? |
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Definition
| the kidney also reabsorbs molecules such as glucose, amino acids, and bicarbonate that ar enecessary fro normal body function |
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Term
| what are structures in the urinary system? |
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Definition
| 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, bladder, urethra (renal artery and renal vein) |
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Term
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Definition
water balance (ADH, aldosterone)
and salt (Na+ and K+) concentraitons (aldosterone) |
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Term
| what is the acid-base balance |
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Definition
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Term
| what hormone gets secreted? |
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Definition
| erythropoietin (EPO), calcitriol (vitamin D) |
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Term
| what enzyme gets secreted? |
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Definition
| renin (which regulates the mean arterial BP) |
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Term
| Adrenal glands secrete... |
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Definition
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Term
| why is the left kidney slightly higher than the right? |
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Definition
| due to the large area occupied by the liver |
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Term
| ADH (antidiuretic hormone) causes what? |
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Definition
| reapsorption of water and thus reduces urine volume and increases its concentration |
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Term
| Urine passes from each kidney to the __ through a ___. The upper end of each ureter is enlarged to form a funnel-like __. The lower end of each ureter enteres the posterior surface of the bladder. Leading from the urinary bladder to the exteiror is a short tube, the ___. |
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Definition
urinary bladder
ureter
renal pelvis
urethra |
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Term
| the exit of urine form the bladder is called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a smooth muscle sphincter that is near the exit of the bladder |
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Term
| what are the steps of excretion? |
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Definition
| filtration (~180L/day), reabsorption (~178-179 L/day), secretion (urine= excess water, salts, urea), excretion |
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Term
| the kidney is composed of three regions |
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Definition
| the renal cortex, renal medulla, and renal pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| they are short tubes that receive urine from the renal papillae; they empty into the large renal pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic functional unit of the kidney |
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Term
| 80% of the nephrons are located in the |
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Definition
| cortex (cortical nephrons) |
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Term
| the remainder of the nephrons are located |
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Definition
| partially in the cortex and partially in the medulla. (juxtamedullary nephrons) |
|
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Term
| what parts compose each nephron |
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Definition
1) the glomerulus= a tightly woven, highly permeable capillary bed at the end of an arteriole
2) the renal tubule=a bent convoluted tube composed of kidney cells |
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Term
| what does the central nervous system consist of? |
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Definition
| the brain and the spinal cord |
|
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Term
| what does peripheral nervous system consist of? |
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Definition
| cranial nerves (12 pairs), spinal nerves (31 pairs), and ganglia (aggregations of cell bodies) |
|
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Term
| what does your nervous system do? |
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Definition
| interprets messages and decides how to respond |
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Term
| what are three major regions of the brain? |
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Definition
| cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| skull, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid |
|
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Term
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Definition
| triple layer of membranes that covers the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| triple layer of membranes that covers the brain |
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Term
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Definition
basic structural and functional units of the nervous system
-specialized cells that conduct electrochemical impulses called nerve impulses or action potentials |
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Term
| what is the cell structure: |
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Definition
| dendrites, cell body, and an axon |
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Term
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Definition
| support neurons (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, radial glia) |
|
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Term
| what are the three different types of neurons? |
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Definition
| sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons |
|
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Term
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Definition
| from stimulus receptors (touch, vision, sound) to the CNS |
|
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Term
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Definition
| from teh CNS to the muscles and glands (effectors) |
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Term
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Definition
| connector neurons or association neurons |
|
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Term
| what are the 5 general senses? |
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Definition
| temperature, touch, pain ,pressure, and body position |
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Term
| what are the 5 special senses? |
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Definition
| smell, taste, hearing, vision, and equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| responses to stimuli that do not require the brain's involvment |
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Term
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Definition
| information carried along nerves by electrical charges |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve impulses that are transmitted between neurons and from neurons to other cells by chemical stimuli |
|
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Term
| what happens when a neuron is stimulated? |
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Definition
| sodium channels open and positively charged ions flow into the cell. A domino effect known as an action potential occurs as the positively charged sodium ions move toward neighboring sodium channels, causing them to open and let in additional sodium |
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Term
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Definition
| adjacent neurons that are not directly attached to each other, they are separated by small gaps |
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Term
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Definition
| a neural pathway that consists of a receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron and effectors |
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Term
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Definition
| only one synapse formed in the spinal cord |
|
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Term
| what is the axon of a neuron insulated with? |
|
Definition
| a material called myelin sheath, made up of Schwann cells |
|
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Term
| myelinated nervous tissue appears |
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Definition
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Term
| unmyelinated tissue is... |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the vertebrate brain divided into? |
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Definition
| the forebrain, midbrain, and the hindbrain |
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Term
| what does the forebrain consists of? |
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Definition
| thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, pineal gland, and pituitary gland |
|
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Term
| the midbrain is concerned with responses of the eye and ear |
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Definition
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Term
| the hindbrain is composed of? |
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Definition
| the cerebellum and medulla |
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