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Bio Lab Exam 1
Flashcards for bio lab exam 1
111
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/22/2008

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Term
unicellular
Definition
what some protists are, when the entire organism is made up of one cell
Term
colonial
Definition
many protists are this way, living in groups where one cell is the mother cell
Term
filamentous
Definition
protists that are rope-like and made of hyphae
Term
multicellular
Definition
many prostis organisms are like this, made up of more than one cell
Term
flagella
Definition
a long cellular appendage necessary for motility.
Term
cilia
Definition
hairlike organelles that line the surfaces of certain cells
Term
pseudopodia
Definition
a celluloid extension of amoeboid cells used for moving and feeding. these are finger-like projections used for locomotion as well as engulfing prey.
Term
heterotrophic
Definition
animal-like protists that ingest food materials
Term
protozoa
Definition
heterotrophic protists that ingest food materials
Term
autotrophs
Definition
plant like and photosynthetic protists
Term
algae
Definition
plant-like and photsynthetic autotrophs
Term
mixotrophs
Definition
can carry out photosynthesis AND abosrb nutrients like an animal
Term
auxotrophs
Definition
autotrophic protists that are self-sufficient but have specific nutrient requirements
Term
plasmodium
Definition
a big mass with many nuclei often found in myxogastrida (slime molds)
Term
fucoxanthin
Definition
a pigment that causes yellow or browness, it is found in some alga phyla such as Bacillariophyta, the diatoms
Term
frustale
Definition
a glass like cell wall that surrounds diatom cells
bacillariophyta
Term
hypha
Definition
filamentous cell or chain of cells
zycomycota
Term
septa
Definition
cross walls that the filaments in zygomycota normally lack
zycomycota
Term
mycelium
Definition
a mass of hyphae
zycomycota
Term
stolons
Definition
horizontal surface hyphae
zycomycota
Term
rhizoids
Definition
anochring structures that develop where the stolon touches the lid
zycomycota
Term
sporangiophores
Definition
upright stalks that bear terminal sacks called sporangia
zycomycota
Term
sporangia
Definition
terminal sacks
zycomycota
Term
sporangium
Definition
the sac in which spores are made
zycomycota
Term
sporangium wall
Definition
wall of the sporangium
zycomycota
Term
spores
Definition
a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by mitosis
zycomycota
Term
columella
Definition
the balloon-like cross wall that separates the sporangium from the rest of the hyphae
zygomycota
Term
zygosporangia
Definition
In zygomycete fungi, a sturdy multinuceleate structure in which karyogamy and meiosis occur.
zygomycota
Term
zygospore
Definition
a large cell that is multinucleate
zygomycota
Term
suspensor
Definition
an englarged structure on the back of every zygosporangium that leads back to ordinary hypha
zygomycota
Term
progametangia
Definition
two, touching cigar shaped structures
zygomycota
Term
gametangia
Definition
two small cells isolated at the end of each suspensor by a aeptum. these are always alike.
zygomycota
Term
ascoma
Definition
the inner surface of the cup
ascomycota
Term
asci
Definition
fertile sac which occur in a layer called the hymenium . each asci contains 8 ascopores.
ascomycota
Term
hymenium
Definition
a brightly colored layer that contains the asci
ascomycota
Term
ascospores
Definition
a sexually reproducing gunal spore that is made in asci
ascomycota
Term
plasmogamy
Definition
the first part of fertilization
ascomycota
Term
karyogamy
Definition
fusion of the nuclei that occurs in asci
ascomycota
Term
paraphyses
Definition
slender sterile hairs contained in the hymenium. these stick out like fingers in the asci.
ascomycota
Term
basidium
Definition
a club-shaped cell that produces four external basidiospores
basidiomycota
Term
basidiospores
Definition
held on sterigmata, these are fungal spores
basidiomycota
Term
sterigmata
Definition
tiny stalks that hold the basidiospores
basidiomycota
Term
basidioma
Definition
the large fruiting body that holds all of the basidia; the fertile layer, aka hymenium, is found on the surface of these
basidiomycota
Term
gills
Definition
surfac area for basidia. basidiomycetes with gills are best known for their use of food.
basidiomycota
Term
stipe
Definition
a stemlike structure that elongates to let the mushroom out of the soil
basidiomycota
Term
cap
Definition
top of a basidium,aka mmushroom
basidiomycota
Term
annulus
Definition
a ring of tissue found on the stipe of an older specimen
basidiomycota
Term
bryophytes
Definition
a moss, liverwort, or hornwort ; a nonvascular plant that lives on land but lacks some of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants
Term
vascular plants
Definition
a plant with tissue that transports water and nutrients. this includes all living plant species except liverwort, moss, and hornwort.
Term
xylem
Definition
one type of vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots
Term
phloem
Definition
another type of vascular tissue that conducts carbs in solution away from the points where photsynthesis occurs.
Term
stems
Definition
stems in bryophyta, the mosses
bryophyta
Term
leaves
Definition
leaves in mosses
bryophyta
Term
rhizoids
Definition
the root-like structures in mosses
bryophyta
Term
capsule
Definition
the sporangium in all bryophyte phyla
bryophyta
Term
seta
Definition
a slender elongated stalk of a bryophyte sporophyte
bryophyta
Term
foot
Definition
a tiny thing that is embedded into the gametophyte tissue
bryophyta
Term
sperm
Definition
male reproductive stuff that is formed by antheridia
bryophyta
Term
antheridia
Definition
gamete producing structures
bryophyta
Term
archegonium
Definition
the female gametangium where gametes develop
bryophyta
Term
egg
Definition
the female gamete
bryophyta
Term
zygote
Definition
the product of a female and male gamete
bryophyta
Term
embryo
Definition
young sporophyte which rises out of the archegonium
bryophyta
Term
cayptra
Definition
the piece of sporophyte that tears off as the sporophyte rises out of the archegonium. this piece forms a cap on top of the capsule.
bryophyta
Term
sterile jacket cells
Definition
make up a sterile layer of cells that the antheridia consist of
bryophyta
Term
spermatogenous tissue
Definition
produces sperm cells
bryophyta
Term
sperm cells
Definition
male gametes
bryophyta
Term
venter
Definition
a swollen basal portion that archegonia consist of
bryophyta
Term
neck canal cells
Definition
make up a row of cells in the center of the venter
bryophyta
Term
neck canal
Definition
what the sperm swim through to read the egg once the neck canal cells disintegrate.
bryophyta
Term
operculum
Definition
a small lid covering the capsule
bryophyta
Term
peristome teeth
Definition
they cover the opening in the capsule
bryophyta
Term
peristome
Definition
all of the peristome teeth together
bryophyta
Term
sporogenous tissue
Definition
found inside the capsule section; this can appear as two long longitudinal strands; this tissue undergoes meiosis and produces spores.
bryophyta
Term
sorus
Definition
a multi-parted organ where zoospores bearing flagellae are made
Term
leafy
Definition
when liverworts are leafy, they look like mosses froim a distance but have a flattened appearance.
Term
thalloid
Definition
these liverworts have a ribbon-like body, whith rhizoids on he underside that anchor the body to the soil.
Term
elaters
Definition
long and thin, these are sensitive to moisture and will twist and bend weith humidity changes and push out the spores.
Term
xylem
Definition
carries water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots
Term
phloem
Definition
conducts carbohydrates in solution away from the points where photosynthesis occurs, usually the leaves.
Term
what do vascular plants include?
Definition
lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
Term
seedless vascular plants
Definition
the lycophytes and ferns which produce only spores
Term
seed plants
Definition
gymnosperms and angiosperms which produce spores and seeds.
Term
how did the earliest vascular plants reproduce?
Definition
they lacked seeds and produced haploid spores. this is seen in modern groups like club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts, whisk ferns, ferns, and horsetails.
Term
what are the possible earliest group of vascular plants?
Definition
Phylum Lycophyta
Term
what is the most abundant lycophytes ?
Definition
the club moss, Lycopodium. the sporophyte in lycopodiums resembles a large moss plant.
Term
rhizome
Definition
underground small leaves that possess only a single, unbranched vein. these are found on lycopodiums.
Term
strobilus
Definition
a cone-like structure that produces the spores in lycopodiums.
Term
sporophylls
Definition
found on the central axis, these bear a single sporangium on its upper surface. this type of leaf is reproductive; they produce a sporangium or spore container.
Term
what is the pattern in plants that produce single-sized spores?
Definition
they usually produce bisexual gametophytes.
Term
stalk
Definition
what connects the sporangium to the sporohyll. the stalk is thick.
Term
sporangium jacket
Definition
wall
Term
the common lycophyte that is not the club moss. also give an example.
Definition
the spike moss. An example is Selaginella.
Term
how can you physically tell the difference between a spike moss and a club moss?
Definition
spike mosses usually have a more feathery, wispy appearance than do club mosses.
Term
what is a major difference between spike mosses and club mosses? not a physical difference.
Definition
the spike moss produces two types of pores, large and small, within its strobili. Plants that produce two sizes of spores usually produce unisexual gametophytes.
Term
what is the other major seedless vascular plant? not the lycophytes.
Definition
Phylum Pterophyta.
Term
where do scientists think seed plants have evolved from?
Definition
pteridophyte ancestors. the pteridophytes include the whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns.
Term
give an example of the pteridophytes.
Definition
the horsetail, Equisetum.
Term
describe horsetails.
Definition
-generally grow near water
-usually possess either a highly branched or unbranched body and tine, scale-like leaves.
-the sporophyte consists of stems that are green and hollow, and the nodes at which the leaves arise are jointed and can be easily popped apart by hand.
-the tip of the stem often bears a single strobilus that bears the spores.
-horsetail gametophytes are tiny green blobs that grow on the mud surface.
Term
how does the strobilus of the horsetail different from that of the Lycophyta?
Definition
the horsetail strobilus contains no sporophylls.
Term
what do the horsetail strobili have instead of sporophylls?
Definition
sporangiophores.
Term
sporangiophores
Definition
t-shaped structures. sporangia are borne on the underside of these. they are arranged spirally on the central axis.
located within each sporangium are spores of one size.
Term
elaters
Definition
curly filaments. there are four elaters connected to each spore.
Term
give an example of a whisk fern
Definition
Psilotum nudum
Term
describe the physical characteristics of a whisk fern
Definition
-green aerial branches that fork into two equal branches (dichotomous branching pattern)
-tiny round spore containing structures located along the stems. each of these structures is a group of three sporangia fused into one unit ccalled a synangium.
-lack of leaves and lack of roots
-a horizontal stem (rhizome) from which the aerial stems arise.
Term
what is the most abundant group of seedless vasuclar plants?
Definition
the ferns
Term
ferns- what is diploid if anything and what is haploid if anything?
Definition
the sporophyte is diploid and it produces haploid spores.
Term
sori
Definition
clusters of sporangia where the spores are produced. can be seen on the underside of fern fronds.
Term
prothallus
Definition
fern gametophytes. these are bisexual, tiny, and heart-shaped.
Term
megaspores
Definition
larger, female spores where the sporphyte from which gaemtophytes develop is.
Term
megasporangium
Definition
where megaspores are produced.
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