Term
| importance of infectious diseases |
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Definition
| Prevalent in 3rd world countries, related to ecological changes, economic development, international travel and commerce, technology, industry, globalization, related to agriculture and climate change |
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Term
| difficulties presented by microbes/pathenogenic microbes |
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Definition
Ability to spread rapidly, related to human demographics, societal events, population growth, migration to cities, war/civil conflict, urban decay, sexual behavior, IV drug use
Microbial adaptation, change in environment |
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Term
| microbes as essential components to Earth's ecosystem (4 reasons) |
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Definition
1. Generate O2 in atmosphere
2. Recycle nutrients stored in organic matter in an inorganic form - ultimate decomposers!
3. Fix N2 from atmosphere into a useable form - and other biogeochemical cycles
4. Give plant roots access to soil’s nutrients - essential to the CARBON CYCLE |
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Term
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Definition
No distinct nucleus
Somewhat simpler composition
Bacteria have cell wall or cell membrane
Viruses as obligate parasites – inject DNA into host in order to reproduce
Ex) archea, bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Distinct nucleus with a nuclear membrane
Have organelles
Animals don’t have cell walls, plants do
Reproduce sexually
Ex) fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| breakthroughs in causes and prevention of disease, discovered germ theory of disease, and first vaccines |
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Term
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Definition
| challenged the theory of spontaneous generation though experiment with pieces of meat that grew maggots without the airtight container |
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Definition
| discovered first antiseptics – how to kill germs (bc dumb students working with cadavers did not wash hands before touching babies) |
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Definition
| isolated anthrax from dead cows, created the Germ Theory of Disease, also discovered TUBERCULOSIS |
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Term
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Definition
| worked with Pasteur exposing young boys to cowpox (pedafile), figured out that genetic material is the basis for change |
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Term
| REPLICATION (transcription, translation) |
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Definition
| DNA splits into 2 single stranded pieces, find bases (TAGC) in nucleus and reattach to these new pairs that were once floating around in the nucleus. |
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Term
| (replication) TRANSCRIPTION (translation) |
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Definition
| DNA unwinds and RNA reads the data (of one of the strands), copies down its opposite in its transcription. It works as a messenger. |
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Term
| (replication, transcription) TRANSLATION |
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Definition
| The RNA transcribed is translated into a protein sequence of 3 code letters which compose an animo acid. A chain of amino acids makes up a protein. The codon (on the mRNA) contains these three letters and combines with an anticodon (a part of the tRNA) during the translation phase in order to make a protein. |
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Term
DNA 3’ T C A 5’
what are the corresponding mRNA and tRNA codon sequences? |
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Definition
DNA 3’ T C A 5’
mRNA 5’ A G U 3
tRNA 3’ U C A 5’
A=T
G=C
DNA never has "U"
mRNA and tRNA never have "T" |
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Term
| What cell organelles participate in protein synthesis, and what do they “do”? |
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Definition
| ribosome’s – 2 subunits attach to RNA molecule and translate it. |
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Term
| point mutations and their potential outcomes |
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Definition
| at one point in the strand, one letter is changed, forming a new amino acid, and therefore a new protein (just because one letter is copied down incorrectly) |
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Term
| primary structure of proteins |
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Definition
| 3 letter code that corresponds to a particular amino acid, thus forming a particular order of amino acids |
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Term
| secondary structure of proteins |
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Definition
| alpha helix or beta pleated sheet shape – certain amino acids favor either type based on the primary structure |
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Term
| tertiary structure of proteins |
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Definition
| combination of all the alpha helices AND beta pleated sheets |
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Term
| quaternary structure of proteins |
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Definition
| 2 or more proteins coming together to make up multiple proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| sugars, stored as energy, react with water |
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Term
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Definition
| fats, hydrophobic, no reaction with water |
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Term
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Definition
| functional, structural enzymes, composed of chains of amino acids, react with water |
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Definition
| specific to DNA and RNA – they code the message of life, synthesizing proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Ultimate source of energy for all metabolic reactions. |
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Definition
| build up complex molecules (ex. Dehydration synthesis) |
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Definition
| break down molecules into smaller components (ex. Hydrolysis) |
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Term
| role of water in reactions |
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Definition
| Hydrolysis: breaks down carbohydrates – the bonds between the molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| type of protein made up of amino acids. They speed the reaction by lowering the activation energy necessary for the reaction, or by making conditions more favorable for a reaction to occur. Without enzymes, reactions would occur far too slowly and life could not exist. |
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Term
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Definition
| retain the crystal violet dye, have a high amount of peptidoglycon in the cell wall, lack an outer membrane, have strong protein/carb structures |
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Term
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Definition
| do not retain the crystal violet dye, more likely to be pathenogenic (harmful!!), and have an LPS – lipopolysaccharide layer |
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Definition
| change due to the acquisition of genetic material - acquisition of different genetic material acquired from outside (mixed with live cells from another strain) |
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Definition
| change due to acquisition of new genetic material - defective phages can infect, but not reproduce. There is direct cell-to-cell contact |
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Term
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Definition
| change due to acquisition of new genetic material - DNA transferred through a virus – results in foreign DNA introduced into another cell |
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Definition
Very serious viral infection, leading cause of death from a single bacteria, 2 million a year are killed, it is highly communicable.
Caused by tubercle bacillus, 1882 discovered by Robert Koch |
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Definition
| should be treatable through antibiotics, BUT there is too much patient complacency, and it is spread even more easily through travel, high population densities, and HIV – lowers the resistance of the immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein derivative of the virus is injected intradermally (into the skin) and if the body previously had contact with tuberculosis, it will recognize it and the skin will swell. But just because it is positive does not mean the virus is active, it only means there has been recent exposure. |
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Term
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Definition
| VIRUSES ARE OBLIGATE PARASITES. They must reproduce after affecting cell and they use the host cell’s ribosome’s and they synthesize/create enzymes. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chains of cocci - look like a strand of pearls |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure of bacteria, plants, algae, and fungi cells, and is reponsible for resistance to the cell from inward diffusion of water |
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Term
| importance of gram positive vs. gram negative classification of bacteria |
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Definition
| determines type of antibiotic, related to cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| small molecules of nonchromosomal DNA found in some bacteria, located in the cytoplasm and are independent of the chromosomal DNA. |
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Definition
| bacterial cells reproducing - in an exponential growth curve (lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase. death phase) |
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Definition
| replication cycle of a bacterial virus |
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