Term
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Definition
| A process that removes DNA from the confines of a cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell that has had its cell membrane broken down. |
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Term
| Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) |
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Definition
| A detergent used to remove the lipids present in the cell membrane so that the DNA can be released. |
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Term
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
| A process that amplifies DNA exponentially. |
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Definition
| Process used to separate DNA fragments based on size and charge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Positively charged portion of gel electrophoresis that attracts the negatively charged DNA molecules. |
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Term
| Visible, plastic, latent, patent, and exemplar. |
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Definition
| The five categories of finger prints. |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of finger prints categorized by ridge impressions left behind in a soft substance such as soap or wax. |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of finger prints that are left behind on most objects that have been touched. They are invisible to the naked eye and require the use of black powder for identification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Category of finger prints that are collected purposefully from an individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of fingerprints characterized by chance ridge impressions, which are visible to the naked eye, imprinted on the surface of a foreign material like wet clay. Typically photographed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of finger prints that can be seen by the naked eye and are usually formed when fingerprint ridges come in contact with a colored material. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of fingerprint seen in 60-65% of the general population. One or more ridges must enter from one side of the fingerprint before looping or curving around to exit from the same side. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two major types of loop fingerprints; determined if the loop pattern flow is on the same side as the pinky finger. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the types of loop fingerprints; determined if the loop pattern is on the same side as the thumb. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fingerprint type seen in 30-35% of the population. The ridges are normally rounded and form a complete circle. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of finger print that is seen in less than 5% of the population. One or more ridges enter from one side and arch before exiting from the opposite side. |
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Term
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Definition
| Commonly used test that detects the presence of blood. Also known as the Phenolphthalein assay. |
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Term
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Definition
| A blood spatter type that happens when a wet, bloody surface, such as a hand or shoe comes into contact with another surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of blood spatter that is created when an exposed blood source is subjected to an action or force greater than the force of gravity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of projected blood spatter characterized by an injury that results in a breached artery releasing blood with every heart beat. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of projected blood spatter characterized by a massive force or blow resulting in the random dispersion of blood droplets. Further subdivided into: low, medium, and high velocity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of blood spatter that consists of blood drops created or formed by the force of gravity alone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outside covering of the hair shaft. |
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Term
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Definition
| The layer of hair located immediately beneath the cuticle; responsible for hair color. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inner most layer of the hair shaft. Three types: (1) continuous, (2) interrupted, and (3) absent. |
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Term
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Definition
| The terminal end of the hair located within the hair follicle; contains the cells necessary for hair growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibers derived from animal or plant sources. Examples include cashmere, wool, fur, and cotton. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibers derived from either natural or synthetic polymers. Examples include polyester, acrylic, rayon, spandex, and nylon. |
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Definition
| A group of individuals of one species that occupy a defined geographical area and share genes through interbreeding. |
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Term
| Isolation by distance (IBD) |
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Definition
| A mechanism where sub-populations become geographically isolated causing genetic differentiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups created through IBD that consist of members that are likelier to breed with each other than with the remainder of the population; may eventually evolve into a new species. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of prezygotic isolation mechanism where species occur in different areas, which are often separated by a physical barrier such as a river or mountain range. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type pf prezygotic isolating mechanism where species occur in the same area but they occupy different habitats. Survival of hybrids is low because they are not adapted to either environment of their parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of prezygotic isolating mechanism where species reproduce in different seasons or at different times of the day. |
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Definition
| A type of prezygotic isolating mechanism where species differ in their mating rituals. |
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Term
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Definition
| An equation that predicts equilibrium if certain conditions are met: (1) large population size, (2) Random mating, (3) No mutation, (4) No migration, and (5) No natural selection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary factor characterized by a change in DNA sequence; the ultimate source of genetic variation. Happens rarely. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary factor characterized by the movement of individuals either into or out of a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| A random event that causes diversity within a population. Two examples are (1) founder effect (2) genetic bottlenecks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Location where sperm is produced in the testes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parent sperm cells that constantly replicate mitotically throughout a male's life cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spermatogonia that have moved inward towards the lumen of the tubule to begin meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two are created through meiosis I of a primary spermatocyte, each with a haploid set of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Created through meiosis II of secondary spermatocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spermatids that have matured and differentiated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Female gamete cells that are produced during early fetal development which reproduce mitotically. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced when oogonia reproduce mitotically. |
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Term
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Definition
| Location where, at puberty, primary oocytes are stimulated by circulating hormones to grow each month. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced just before ovulation when the oocyte completes meiosis I; contains the haploid secondary oocyte. |
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Term
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Definition
| The combination of alleles present. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical expression of the genotype. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenotypic expression that combines the two allelic traits; intermediate between the two homozygotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Both phenotypes are expressed at the same time in the heterozygous condition. |
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Term
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Definition
Test that can be used to identify the presence of reducing sugars.
Blue = Negative result
Red = Positive result |
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Term
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Definition
Test that can be used to detect the presence of the polysaccharide starch.
Black = Positive (starch present)
Yellow = Negative |
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Term
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Definition
Test used to identify the presence of the peptide bonds in proteins.
Violet = Positive result |
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Term
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Definition
Test used to determine the presence of lipids.
Bright red color/not diffused = Positive result
Red color diffused = Negative result |
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Term
| Dische Diphenylamine Test |
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Definition
Test used to determine the presence of DNA.
Blue color = Positive result |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell with the ability to uptake DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Solution used to enhance the uptake of plasmid DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Double ring structure (A/G) |
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Term
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Definition
| Single ring structure (T/C) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage in meiosis where crossing over occurs and there is a breakdown of the cell's nuclear envelope. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interlocked homologous chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell; chromosomes are oriented randomly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologous chromosomes segregate randomly and independently from each other as they move to opposite poles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage where the nuclear envelope reforms and two haploid daughter cells are formed at the end of the cytokinesis event. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gap period between Meiosis I and Meiosis II. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers are formed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes align themselves with their sister chromatids oriented toward opposite poles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase signaled by the separation of sister chromatids toward opposite poles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sister chromatids have reached opposite poles and the nuclei begin to reform. The second cytokinesis finishes at this time resulting in four haploid daughter cells, each with a single copy of the chromosome. |
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