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| Countercurrent heat exchange (CCHE) |
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| Process used by warm blooded animals when they are in an environment that is colder than its core body temperature. Transfers heat from the warm blood of the arteries to the colder blood traveling in the veins, which run parallel to them. |
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| Maintenance of internal body temperature through a high metabolic rate. |
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| Oxygenated blood flows away from the heart to the rest of the organs (except lungs) and tissues. |
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| Deoxygenated blood leaves the tissues and organs and returns to the heart. |
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| Supplies blood to the pulmonary circuit. |
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| Supplies blood to the systemic circuit |
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| Prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. |
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| Allow blood in the atria to empty into the ventricles. |
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| Does not allow blood to flow backwards. |
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| Used by birds; fresh air enters and the old air leaves through a different route. |
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| Chemical messengers that are produced by the endocrine glands and the brain. |
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| A neurotransmitter that is produced in the pineal gland. |
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