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| One of the three domains; has peptidoglycan in their cell walls. |
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| One of the three domains; some of its members are extremophiles. |
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| One of the three domains; it has complex cellular organization. Made up of four kingdoms: fungi, protista, animalia, and plantae. |
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| The science of describing and classifying organisms in a hierarchical order. |
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| Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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| Taxonomical classification scheme. |
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| A type of bacteria that decomposes dying material. |
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| Mutualistic associations with other organisms in which both partners benefit from the relationship. |
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| One of the three main types of bacterial shapes (spherical) |
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| One of the three main types of bacterial shapes (rod-shaped) |
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| One of the three main types of bacterial shapes (helical) |
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| Bacteria with simple cell walls with a very thick peptidoglycan layer that is capable of retaining the Crystal violet dye (purple) used during the gram staining procedure. |
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| Bacteria with a thinner layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. These bacteria stain dark pink from the Safranin dye. Their cell walls are more complex due to the presence of lipopolysaccharides which secrete potent toxins. |
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| A biochemical feature of some bacteria characterized by the ability to use light to generate their own carbon sources. |
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| A biochemical feature of some bacteria characterized by the requirement of organic molecules to obtain carbon. |
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| When an organism produces identically sized and shaped gametes for sexual reproduction. |
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| Where an organism produces gametes that are not identical; one gamete is small and motile while the other is large and non-motile. |
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| Protist known as slime molds; are brightly colored (yellow or orange), heterotrophic, and exhibit amoeboid movement. They feed on dead/decaying material and reproduce via spores produced in sporangia. Cell walls are made up of cellulose. |
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| Ingredient in the MacConkey agar plate the inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria. |
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| The complete breakdown (lysis) of red blood cells around bacterial colonies. |
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| Eye spot in algae that functions in the absorption of light. |
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| An aquatic group of autotrophic organisms that commonly occupy marine and freshwater environments; classified into 5 phyla. |
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| Unicellular heterotrophic organisms that occupy marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. They are classified by their mode of locomotion. |
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| Protozoa that moves through the use of pseudopods. |
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| Protozoa that moves through the use of cilia. |
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| Protozoa that moves through the use of flagella. |
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| Specialized organelles in plants that house the green pigment chlorophyll and is the place where photosynthesis occurs. |
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| Light dependent reactions |
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Definition
| One of the three stages of photosynthesis. It is powered by sunlight and occurs in the thylakoids. It takes in H20, ADP, P, and NADP and releases O2, ATP, and NADPH. |
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| Light independent reactions |
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| One of the three stages of photosynthesis. Plants use the products (ATP and NADH) of the light-dependent reactions to build carbohydrates. It occurs in the stroma, takes in CO2 and releases Glucose. Also known as the Calvin cycle. |
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Definition
| One of the three stages of photosynthesis; chlorophyll in the thylakoid membranes absorbs photons of light resulting in excitation of the electrons present. |
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| Substances that absorb light in the visible spectrum and transfer the light energy to electrons. Two types: primary and accessory. |
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| Primary pigment in plants and cyanobacteria because it's the only pigment that can convert light energy to chemical energy directly. |
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| Act as magnifiers that capture and transfer light energy to chlorophyll a. Includes chlorophyll b, carotenes, and xanthophylls. |
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| Have two roles, protection and light absorption. They eliminate free radicals that are produced from oxidation-reduction reactions in the chloroplast as well as help to capture energy from light that is composed of wavelengths that aren't efficiently absorbed by both chlorophyll a and b. Include carotenes and xanthophylls. |
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Definition
| Absorb light at wavelengths in the ranges of 425-450nm (blue) and 625-675nm (orange-red) |
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Definition
| Have a much broader absorption peak, ranging from 400-525nm (blue-green). |
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| Remaining energy released by plants that is dissipated in the form of light with a larger, less energetic wavelength. Occurs when energized electrons are unable to be passed onto the next pigment molecule in either photosystem and fall back into their original lower energy orbital. |
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| Stacked thylakoid disks within the stroma. |
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| Semifluid matrix within chloroplasts |
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| Non-cyclic photosynthesis |
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| Also known as the Z pathway; light capturing events must take place in the Photosystem II (680nm) |
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Distance pigment traveled
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Distance solvent traveled |
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| Multicellular, eukaryotic, contain chloryphylls a and b, and possess cell walls composed of cellulose. |
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| Specialized tissues in bryophytes that enable absorption of water. |
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| Plant that has separate male and female plants. |
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| Plants that produce male and female seed-bearing cones; gymnosperms. |
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| A type of leaf composition where they consist of a single undivided blade. |
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| A type of leaf composition where the blade is sub divided into leaflets. |
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| A type of leaf arrangement where the plant produced one leaf at at time at the apex. |
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| A type of leaf arrangement where leaves are produced simultaneously at the apex opposite from each other. |
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| A rare type of leaf arrangement where more than two leaves are produced at a time. |
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| A type of leaf venation common in monocots. |
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| A type of leaf venation common in dicots. |
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| A change in the species structure of an ecological community over time as a result of some form of disturbance. |
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| A type of lichen that grows close to the substrate. |
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| A type of lichen that adheres to substrate in sheets |
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| A type of lichen that grows away from substrate with erect stalks. |
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| A plant that grows non-parasitically upon another plant (such as a tree), and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, and sometimes from debris accumulating around it instead of the structure it is fastened to. |
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| The male multicellular sex organ in liverworts that is shaped like a disc. |
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| The female multicellular sex organ in liverworts that is shaped like an umbrella. |
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| Where multicellular sex organs are housed in bryophytes. |
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| Produced by male gametophytes in bryophytes; contains numerous sperm. |
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| Produced by female gametophytes in bryophytes; each contains a single egg. |
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Definition
| Allows asexual reproduction in liverworts during adverse environmental conditions. |
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| Consists of one large primary root from which smaller secondary roots may arise. Carrots and turnips. |
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Definition
| Complex network of numerous fine roots, with primary and secondary roots of equal size. Rice and grasses. |
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| Roots that can form different portions of the plant including leaves, perioles, and stems. Examples include prop roots, aerial roots, and pneumatophores. |
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| Seed leaves that function as food storage and help in the absorption of nutrients. |
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| Xylem and phloem form a ring; vascular bundles are scattered throughout. One cotyledon in seed. Leaf veins form a parallel pattern. Flower parts in threes. Fibrous root system. |
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Definition
| Phloem tissue lies between the arms of the xylem in the center of the root; vascular tissue in the stems lay in a distinct ring. Two cotyledons in seeds. Leaf veins form a net pattern. Flower parts in four. Taproot system. |
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Definition
| Possess pistils and stamens on different flowers but on the same plant. |
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| Flowers that have male and female structures on two different plants. |
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Definition
| Plants that contain flowers which have both male (stamen) and female (pistil) reproductive structures on the same flower. |
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| A type of sexual reproduction in angiosperms where both a zygote and endosperm are formed. |
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| Drupes (cherry), berries (tomato), pomes (apple), hesperidium (lemon), and pepo (watermelon). |
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| Aggregate (raspberry) and multiple (pineapples). |
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| Legumes (beans), Follicles, and Capsules |
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| 6H20 + 6CO2 + light ---> C6H1206 + 6O2 |
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| Indicator that is red in alkaline (basic) solutions and turn yellow in acidic solutions. |
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| Blowing air into a tube with Phenol indicator will cause it become: |
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Definition
| When elodea is placed in the tube with phenol red + carbon dioxide the color will change to: |
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Definition
| The process where plants use carbon dioxide and release oxygen when they undergo photosynthesis. |
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| Products of light dependent reactions |
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| Product of light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) |
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| A dye that is dark blue when oxidized and colorless when reduced (after accepting electrons). |
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| Seed producing plants with naked seeds. They include cycads such as the cardboard cycad and conifers such as the Dade county slash pine and the bald cypress. |
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| Seed producing plants that have flowers and fruits. They can include the Chocolate tree, vanilla orchids, and wild coffee. |
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| Tracheophyte plants belonging to the phylum Pterophyta; unlike mosses, they have xylem and phloem making them vascular plants. Some species are: Marsh, staghorn, and resurrection, oak leaf, and peacock. |
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| Non-vascular plants such as mosses, hornworts and liver worts. Contain spores and are heterosporous. |
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| Plants with vascular tissues and no seeds. They have spores and are mainly homosporous. Include ferns, horsetails, and club mosses. |
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