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| Cell, tissue, organ, and organ system |
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| Hierarchical organization of animals |
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| Lack any true symmetry and tissues. |
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| Have definite symmetry and tissues. |
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| Jellyfish; drifting medusa whose mouth and tentacles hang down. |
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| Polyps with mouth and tentacles that project up. |
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| Solitary polyps that capture prey in their tentacles. |
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| Female ascaris (nematode) |
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| Can reach lengths of up to 40cm |
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| Body form in generated through the coordinated process of apoptosis and cell division and differentiation. |
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| Mitotic division of the large fertilized egg in the zygote into smaller and smaller cells (2,4,8,16...) |
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| The invagination of cells from one of the blastula into the blastocoel (central cavity) resulting in the development of the endoderm and the ectoderm. Later the mesoderm is formed. |
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| Eggs where the yolk is evenly distributed throughout. (echinoderms) |
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| Eggs where the yolk is concentrated on one side (amphibians). |
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| The portion of the egg where the most yolk is concentrated and appears less pigmented. |
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| The portion of the egg that contains less yolk and is darkly pigmented. |
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| Fluid filled cavity that separates the two poles. |
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| Structure that is attached to the uterus and connects the bloodstream of the fetus with that of the mother without truly mixing blood from the two sources. |
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| Immature larvae look and function very differently from the adult form. (frogs) |
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| Larvae are very similar in appearance to the adult form. (grasshoppers, crickets) |
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| composed of calcium carbonate, serves for gas exchange, protects the egg |
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| Additional source of water and food for the embryo. |
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| Anchors the yolk in the albumen. |
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| Houses and protects the developing embryo. Absent in unfertilized eggs. |
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| Food source for the growing embryo. |
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| Collects waste produced by the embryo |
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| Lines the inside of the egg, surrounding the embryo and the yolk. Connected to blood vessels of the developing embryo. Absent in unfertilized eggs. |
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| Contains the egg nucleus once fertilized. |
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| Blastopore becomes moth; spiral cleavage |
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| Blastopore becomes anus; radial cleavage. |
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| Notochord, nerve cord, pharyngeal slits and postanal tail. |
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| Things that all chordates possess during their development |
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| Fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis |
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| Four stages of embryonic development |
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| Structure unique to avian and mammalian development that defines that antero-posterior axis of the embryo. |
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| Sensory (afferent) neurons |
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| Receives information from the outside and integrates it in the brain. |
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| Regulates the musculoskeletal system after a signal is received from sensory (afferent) neurons. |
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| The most ancient component that evolved in primitive fishes; composed of the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. It is an extension of the spinal cord and is primarily devoted to coordinating motor functions. |
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| Serves as a relay station for the processing of auditory and visual information. The substantial nigra produces dopamine. Associated with Parkinson's disease. |
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| Part of the fore brain that is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus. |
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| Serves as a relay center between incoming sensory information and the cerebrum. |
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| Regulates the secretions of the pituitary gland thereby regulating the endocrine system and hormones. |
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| Telencephalon (cerebrum in mammals) |
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| The most anterior portion of the brain and in humans, the largest part of the brain. Responsible for higher cognitive functions. |
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| Take in food via the mouth; most vertebrates. |
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| Absorb food through their body wall; roundworms, tapeworms. |
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| Filter food particles out of the water; clams, sponges. |
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| Ingest materials that they reside in or on; earthworms, termites. |
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| Obtain nutrients by sucking fluids from the body of another organism; bees, mosquitoes. |
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| Counter current heat exchange (CCHE) |
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| Process used by warm blooded animals when they are in an environment that is colder than its core body temperature. Transfers heat from the warm blood of the arteries to the colder blood traveling in the veins, which run parallel to them. |
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| Maintenance of internal body temperature through a high metabolic rate. |
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| Oxygenated blood flows away from the heart to the rest of the organs (except lungs) and tissues. |
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| Deoxygenated blood leaves the tissues and organs and returns to the heart. |
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| Supplies blood to the pulmonary circuit. |
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| Supplies blood to the systemic circuit. |
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| Prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. |
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| Allow blood in the atria to empty into the ventricles. |
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| Does not allow blood to flow backwards. |
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| Used by birds; fresh air enters and the old air leaves through a different route. |
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| Amphibians and most reptiles have a ______? |
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| Mammals, birds, and crocodile have a _______? |
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| Chemical messengers that are produced by the endocrine glands and the brain. |
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| A neurotransmitter that is produced in the pineal gland; associated with aggression. |
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| The study of animal behavior |
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| The two categorizations of stimuli that animals respond to are ________ and _______? |
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| The two perspectives from which the study of behavior is considered. |
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| Researchers examine why a particular behavior is used and how it evolved; examines the historical pathways that led to the evolution of a particular trait. |
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| Researchers try to understand how a particular behavior is produced and controlled. They are interested in the genetic, developmental, and sensory-motor mechanisms that regulate a particular behavior. |
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| Mammals with a simple stomach and large cecum that is needed to digest plant fiber (cellulose) through microbial fermentation. |
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| Mammals with a four chambered stomach with large rumen; they have long small and large intestines. They are able to acquire nutrients from plant based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through bacterial actions. The process typically requires regurgitation of food (known as cud), and chewing it again. |
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| Mammals with a short intestine and no cecum. They primarily feed on insects. |
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| Mammals with short intestine and colon and small cecum. They primarily feed on other animals. |
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| (1)Growth (2) Differentiation (3) Pattern formation (4) Morphogenesis |
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| Four stages of development |
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