Term
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Definition
| Digestion, circulation, gas exchange. |
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Definition
| Flap that is made of elastic cartilage attached to the entrance of the larynx. It prevents food from going into the trachea and directs it toward the esophagus. |
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Definition
| A muscular tube from which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. |
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Definition
| Vital organ with a wide range of functions including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals needed for digestion. |
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Definition
| Small organ where bile is stored before it is released into the small intestine. |
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Definition
| The first section of the small intestine. Largely responsible for the breakdown of food in the small intestine, using enzymes. |
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Definition
| Gland located below the stomach that secretes important hormones such as insulin and glucagon which are circulated in the blood. |
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Definition
| Tube like structure in the gastrointestinal tract that following the stomach where most of the absorption and digestion of food takes place. |
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Definition
| Structure that is part of the gastrointestinal tract that functions in absorbing water from the remaining indigestible food matter and passing useless waste material from the body. |
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Definition
| Mammals with a simple stomach and large cecum that is needed to digest plant fiber (cellulose) through microbial fermentation. |
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Definition
| Mammals with a four chambered stomach with large rumen; they have long small and large intestines. They are able to acquire nutrients from plant based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through bacterial actions. The process typically requires regurgitation of food (known as cud), and chewing it again. |
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Definition
| Mammals with a short intestine and no cecum. They primarily feed on insects. |
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Definition
| Mammals with short intestine and colon and small cecum. They primarily feed on other animals. |
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Definition
| A pouch that is considered to be the beginning of the large intestine. It receives chyme from the ileum, and connects to the ascending colon of the large intestine. The appendix is connected to the cecum. Many herbivores have a large one with lots of bacteria that aids in the enzymatic breakdown of cellulose from plants for digestion. |
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Definition
| A cell type seen in the stomach that serves as a lubricant for materials that must pass over membranes. A layer along the inner walls of the stomach is vital to protect the cell linings of that organ from the highly acidic environment within it. |
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Definition
| A digestive fluid formed in the stomach known as gastric acid. It is essential to the digestion of proteins. Activates pepsinogen into the enzyme pepsin. |
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Definition
| Enzyme that is released by chief cells in the stomach and degrades food proteins into peptides. |
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Definition
| Cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen, gastric lipase, and chymosin; generally located deep in the mucosal layer of the stomach lining. |
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Definition
| Stomach epithelial cells that secrete gastric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. Located in the fundus. |
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Definition
| Bacteria found in the stomach of 50% of the human population. 80% of these people have no symptoms. It can cause inflammation and increase the risk of ulcers and cancer. |
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Definition
| Acids produced in the body that help to eliminate cholesterol and help in emulsifying lipids and fat-soluble vitamins in the intestine to form micelles. |
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Definition
| Molecules dispersed in a liquid colloid essential for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and complicated lipids within the human body. Bile salts formed in the liver and secreted by the gall bladder allow them to form. |
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Definition
| A lipoprotein particle that transports dietary lipids. They move through the lymphatic system and blood stream to tissues where they are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by lipoprotein lipase and enters the cells. |
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Definition
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Definition
| A system in which a fluid in a cavity called the bathes the organs directly with oxygen and nutrients and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid; this combined fluid is called hemolymph. |
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Term
| Closed circulatory system |
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Definition
| A system where the blood never leaves the network of blood vessels. In contrast, oxygen and nutrients diffuse across the blood vessel layers and enter interstitial fluid, which carries oxygen and nutrients to the target cells, and carbon dioxide and wastes in the opposite direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| One loop; 2 chamber heart |
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Term
| Amphibian and ancestral reptile |
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Definition
| 2 loops; 3 chamber heart where pulmonary and systemic blood mixes. |
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Term
| Crocodilian, bird, and mammal heart |
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Definition
| 4 chamber heart (2 atria & 2 ventricles); no mixing of blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Liquid composed of 55% plasma, 45% red blood cells (RBCs) and <1% White blood cells (WBCs) and platelets. |
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Definition
| Vital ingredient in blood that is composed of 92% water and solutes such as nutrients, hormones, wastes, ions (electrolytes) and proteins. |
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Definition
| A protein found in blood plasma that constitutes most of the plasma protein. It functions in maintaining oncotic pressure (pulls fluid in) needed for proper distribution of body fluids between vessels and tissues. |
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Definition
| Y shaped protein found in blood plasma that is also known as an antibody. Used by the immune system to identify and combat foreign bodies such as bacteria and viruses. |
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Definition
| Protein found in blood plasma that inhibits certain blood protease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein found in blood plasma that is required for blood clotting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood plasma with fibrinogens removed. |
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Definition
| Oxygen carrier that is used in arthropods and some mollusks. It is different from the traditional hemoglobin oxygen carrier because the oxygen binding atom is copper instead of iron. It is not associated with RBCs, instead, it is one of the free proteins in the circulating fluid (hemolymph). |
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Definition
| Protein that is found in RBCs and composed of 4 heme groups where at the center there is an atom of iron which can bind to a molecule of oxygen. Thus, each molecule can carry up to four molecules of oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Component of blood that is shaped like a disk with a depression in the middle. In vertebrates it contains hemoglobin. No nuclei or mitochondria. 5mL of blood contains about 5 million. They cannot repair themselves and cannot divide through mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fraction of the total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes (RBCs). In humans it is typically around 45%. |
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Definition
| Component of blood that makes up less than 1%. They are larger than erythrocytes and contain nuclei. They can migrate out of capillaries through intercellular spaces into interstitial fluid in order to fight foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses. |
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Term
| Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
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Definition
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Term
| Monocytes and lymphocytes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Granular leukocyte (WBC) that makes up 62% of WBCs. They target bacteria and fungi and use phagocytosis, toxic proteins, toxic DNA net, and oxidative burst as their weapons. |
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Definition
| Granular leukocyte (WBC) that makes up 2.3% of WBCs. They target parasites such as nematodes and use protein bullets or oxidative burst as their weapons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Granular leukocyte (WBC) that makes up 0.4% of WBCs. They stimulate inflammation (recruitment) and use histamine and anticoagulants as their weapons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-granular leukocyte (WBC) that makes up 30% of WBCs. They tag invaders, activate cells, kill tumors and virus infected cells. They use antibodies and lytic enzymes as their weapons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-granular leukocyte (WBC) that makes up 5.3% of WBCs. They become macrophages (clean up). They coat target with protein, and uses phagocytosis as their weapons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell fragments that pinch off from larger cells in the bone marrow. Formed from the prothrombin clotting factor released by the liver which forms fibrin which forms blood clots to stop bleeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| The production of blood cells which occurs in the bone marrow. Generates two types of stem cells: lymphoid stem cell gives rise to lymphocytes and myeloid stem cell which gives rise to the rest of the blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The production of erythrocytes from the myeloid stem cells. This process is stimulated by a hormone that the liver converts from a plasma protein. |
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Term
| atrioventricular (AV) valves |
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Definition
| One of the 2 pairs of valves in the heart; they maintain unidirectional flow between the atria and the ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| AV valve on the right side |
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Term
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Definition
| AV valve on the left side. AKA mitral valve. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the 2 pairs of valves in the heart; they ensure one way flow out of the ventricles to the arterial systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Valve that is located at the exit of the right ventricle; one of the two semilunar valves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Valve that is located at the exit of the left ventricle. One of the two semilunar valves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Period where the ventricles are relaxing. ("Dub") |
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Term
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Definition
| Period where the ventricles are contracting. ("Lub") |
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Term
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Definition
| Deliver deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the right and left lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two major systemic veins which returns deoxygenated blood from the body's organs to the heart. This one drains the upper body. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two major systemic veins which returns deoxygenated blood from the body's organs to the heart. This one drains the lower body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heat loss goes down, BP goes up, and there is the venous return of blood to the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heat loss goes up, BP goes down. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where the blood pressure produced by the heart is greater than the constricting pressure of the cuff and blood begins pulsating through the artery. This marks the peak pressure at which ventricles are contracting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where the pressure of the cuff is lower than the blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle and the pulsing sound stops. This marks the minimum pressure when ventricles are relaxed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Open circulatory system that drains excess tissue fluid filtered by capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small blood vessels that forms a vast branching network for exchange of materials. The network is so vast that every cell is within 100um of them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease characterized by hardening of the arteries. Caused by accumulation within the arteries of fatty materials. Can cause a heart attack. |
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Term
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Definition
Describes the rate of diffusion as diffusion content (D), area (A), and pressure difference (^P) over distance.
DA^p/d |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses a system of gas exchange which increases the area (A) in Fick's law through the use of a highly branched body surface and gut. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structure in an organism that increases gas exchange by increasing the area (A) in Fick's law. This structure provides a large respiratory surface area and countercurrent exchange. |
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Term
| Mollusk and vertebrate lungs |
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Definition
| Structures that increases the pressure difference in Fick's law of diffusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process used by fish where blood flows opposite to the direction of water movement. It acts to maximize the oxygenation of the blood by maintaining a positive oxygen gradient. Increases the pressure difference in Fick's law of diffusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the three types of receptors; they are stimulated by physical forces such as pressure. These include receptors for touch, hearing, and balance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of mechanoreceptor that is sensitive to changes in temperature. They contain TRP ion channels. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of mechanoreceptors that are composed of muscle spindles and other receptors in tendons and joints. They provide information about the relative position or movement of the animal's body parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of mechanoreceptor that detects blood pressure. When BP decreases the frequency of impulses produced by this receptor decreases causing a CNS response that increases heart rate and vice versa. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of receptor that reacts to heat and light energy. The photoreceptors in the eyes that detect light are an example. |
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Definition
| A type of receptor that detects chemicals or chemical changes. The senses of smell and taste rely on this receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| The gender of Luna moth that has a stronger ability to detect pheromones. |
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Term
| Human olfactory receptors |
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Definition
| Neurons located in the lining of the nasal passages that transmit impulses directly to the brain via the olfactory nerve. There is one scent per receptor and there are 400 types. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemoreceptors extend into the sensory hairs on the foot. Different chemoreceptors detect different kinds of food molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Raised areas in the epithelium of the tongue and oral cavity where taste buds are located in vertebrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that compose taste buds and have finger like projections called microvilli. They express only one type of receptor and are mixed within each taste bud. |
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Term
| Umami, sweet, sour, bitter, salty |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme in humans that serves to breakdown alcohols that are otherwise toxic. It also allows for metabolism of the endogenous alcohol vitamin A (retinol, which generates the hormone retinoic acid. It is present at high levels in the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein found in the photoreceptor cells of the retina. They mediate the conversion of a photon of light into an electrochemical signal. |
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Definition
| A water soluble structural protein found in the lens and cornea of the eye accounting for the transparency of the structure. They increase the refractive index while not obstructing light. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The white of the eye formed of tough connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris pupil and anterior chamber; it begins to focus the light |
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Term
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Definition
| The colored portion of the eye; bright light causes contraction of muscles here which decreases the size of its opening, the pupil. |
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Term
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Definition
| A transparent structure that completes the focusing of the light onto the retina at the back of the eye. Light passes through the pupil into this structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| A light sensitive layer of tissue lining the inner surface of the eye. Nerve impulses are sent to the brain when light strikes it through the optic nerve. It contains two kinds of photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A photoreceptor cell in the retina that is responsible for black and white vision when the illumination is dim. |
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Term
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Definition
| A photoreceptor cell in the retina that is responsible for high visual acuity and color vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| System in fish which detects low frequency vibrations and changes in water flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bony spiral shaped structure in the inner ear. It responds to vibrations and pressure waves and produces signals from sensory neurons as hair cells bend from the pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptors called ampullae of Lorenzini that allow elasmobranchs (sharks, rays, and snakes) to detect electrical fields generated by the muscle contractions of their prey. Has also evolved in the duck-billed platypus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interconnected neurons lacking a brain or any form of cephalization. Associated with radial symmetry organisms. |
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Term
| Central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
| Consists of the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Definition
| Sensory (afferent) neurons and motor (efferent) neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as afferent neurons; they carry impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as efferent neurons; they carry impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands). |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles to contract (voluntary muscles). |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands (involuntary muscles). Further broken down into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Electrically excitable cells that transmits information in the nervous system. Make up about 10% of the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells in the CNS that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of glia that is involved in the production of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of glial cell that is the most abundant cell in the human brain. They perform a variety of functions including support, provision of nutrients, maintenance of extracellular ion balance, and repair. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of glial cell whose main function is to provide insulation and support to the axons. They produce myelin sheath in the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of glial cell that are the resident macrophages on the brain and spinal cord; they act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the central nervous system (CNS). |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of neuron that helps provide more complex reflexes and higher associative functions including learning and memory (information processing). |
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Term
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Definition
| Branched projections of a neuron that act to propagate the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long slender projection of a neuron that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. Transmits information to different neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical signal to another cell; located at the end of an axon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Electrically insulating material that forms a layer around the axon of a neuron. It increases impulse speed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gaps formed between the myelin sheaths generated by different cells. At these gaps the axonal membrane is uninsulated and therefore capable of generating electrical activity. Ion flow across the membrane occurs here. |
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Term
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Definition
| A spike of positive and negative ionic discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small continuous changes to membrane potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| Channels that respond to a chemical signal (graded potential). |
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Term
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Definition
| Channels that respond to changes in membrane potential. (action potential) |
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Term
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Definition
| Permeability change of the membrane potential that makes it less negative. |
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Term
| Hyperpolarization or repolarization |
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Definition
| Permeability change of the membrane potential that makes it more negative. Example: -70mV to -75mV |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease caused by damaged myelin sheath which disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate. |
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Term
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Definition
| A division of the brain of vertebrates that is composed of the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. It is devoted primarily to coordinating motor reflexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A division of the vertebrate brain that is devoted to processing visual information. |
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Term
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Definition
| A division of vertebrate brains that is composed of the thalamus and telencephalon. It is devoted to processing sensory information such as smell, reproductive functions, eating, sleeping and emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structure deep in the brain that participates in basic drives and emotions and controls the secretions of the pituitary gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structure deep in the brain that serves as an integration and relay center between the incoming sensory information and the cerebrum. |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer of gray matter only a few millimeters thick on the outer surface of the cerebrum. It is densely packed with nerve cells amounting to about 10% of all neurons in the brain. Controls motor movement and sensory input. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stored in the form of a transient neural excitation. Associated with the temporal lobe (hippocampus and amygdala). |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves structural changes in certain neural connections within the brain. Associated with the temporal lobe (hippocampus and amygdala). |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when the spinal cord processes sensory information directly and initiates a motor response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume of the left ventrical goes down in ? |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume in the left ventricle goes up in? |
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Term
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Definition
| Pressure in the left ventricle goes up in? |
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Term
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Definition
| Pressure in the left ventricle goes down in? |
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Term
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Definition
| Pressure in the aorta goes up in? |
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Term
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Definition
| The synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber; Acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter that crosses through this synapse. |
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