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Definition
| Developmental changes leading to reproductive maturity such as the periodic production of flowers and cones and adding structures through meristems. |
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Definition
| The developmental transition during which plants become able to respond to internal/external signals to promote flowering. |
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| One of the four genetically regulated pathways to flowering also termed the photoperiodic pathway. Includes short day, long day and day neutral plants. Light is used as a cue that allows plants to flower when abiotic conditions are optimal. |
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| Plants that use the light dependent pathway; they flower when daylight becomes shorter (fall)than a critical length. They need a long length of dark. |
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Definition
| Plants that use the light-dependent pathway; they flower when daylight becomes longer (summer). They need a short length of dark. |
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| Plants that use the light dependent pathway; they flower when mature regardless of day length. |
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| A light receptor molecule that triggers a cascade of events that leads to flowering. A red light sensitive pigment; pigment protein. |
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Definition
| A light receptor molecule that triggers a cascade of events that leads to flowering. A blue light sensitive pigment; pigment protein. |
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Definition
| The transcription of this gene is regulated by changes in phytochrome and cryptochrome. These changes results in CO (transcription factor) which results in the expression of the gene LFY. |
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Definition
| One of the key genes that tells a meristem to switch over to flowering. |
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| Temperature dependent pathway |
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Definition
| A flowering pathway characterized by its link to cold weather and vernalization. |
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Definition
| A period of chilling before flowering that is required by temperature dependent plants. It is unrelated with the light dependent pathway. |
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Term
| Gibberellin dependent pathway |
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Definition
| A flowering pathway where low levels of the gibberellin hormone delays flowering. Gibberellin enhances the expression of the LFY gene; it binds to the promoter of the LFY gene. It is a direct regulator of the LFY gene. |
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Definition
| Flowering pathway that is independent of light and temperature; only basic nutrition is important. Allows day neutral plants to count and remember. For example tobacco plants produce 19 nodes before flowering. |
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Definition
| Genes that specify sepals. |
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| Genes that specify petals. |
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| Genes that specify stamens. |
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| Genes that specify carpels. |
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| Trends in floral specialization |
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Definition
(1)Separate floral parts grouped or fused (e.g. Primrose)
(2)Floral parts lost or reduced (e.g. Poinsettia) |
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Definition
| Radially symmetrical (Magnolia) |
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Definition
| Bilaterally symmetrical (orchid) |
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| Animals that visit flowers with flat landing platforms and long floral tubes filled with nectar. |
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Definition
| Animals that visit flowers that are white, heavily scented, and easy to locate at night. |
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| Animals that visit flowers with large amounts of nectar, often have red color, and are usually inconspicuous to insects. |
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Definition
| Reproductive process in plants that is highly advantageous for plants and eukaryotic organisms. Provides genetic buffer for a changing environment with individuals with different adaptive value (fitness). |
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Definition
| A type of pollination that is favored in stable environments; offspring are more uniform and probably better adapted to their environment. |
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| Evolutionary strategies that promote outcrossing |
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Definition
| Dioecious, monoecious, self incompatibility. |
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Definition
| Plants where both functional stamens and pistils are both found in the same flower, however, they may reach maturity at different times. |
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Definition
| Pollen and stigma of same individual recognize each other and pollen tube growth is blocked; controlled by alleles at the S locus. |
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| Gametophytic self incompatibility |
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Definition
| Determined by the haploid pollen genotype. Pollen tubes always start to germinate. |
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Term
| Sporophytic self incompatibility |
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Definition
| Determined by the genotype of the diploid pollen parent. Pollen tube fails to germinate |
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Definition
| The growing pollen tube enters angiosperm embryo sac and releases two sperm cells. One sperm fertilizes central cell and initiates endosperm development. The other sperm fertilizes the egg to produce a zygote. |
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| SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) gene |
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Definition
| Gene needed for shoot formation |
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Definition
| Gene needed for root formation. |
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Definition
| Process where angiosperms undergo three critical events: (1) Development of a food supply (2) Development of seed coat (3) Development of fruit surrounding seed. |
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Definition
| The emergence of the radicle (first root) from the seed coat; begins when a seed absorbs water and metabolism resumes. May requires additional environmental signals such as specific wavelength of light, high temperature, and stratification. |
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Definition
| Period of low temperature exposure. It is required for some plants to undergo germination. |
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Definition
| A hormone that signals the aleurone (outer endosperm layer) to produce a-amylase which breaks down the endosperm’s starch into sugars that are passed to embryo. |
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Definition
| Asexual development of a diploid cell in the ovule leading to the developing of an embryo that is identical to the mother; gain advantage of seed dispersal. |
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Definition
| A type of asexual reproduction where new plant individuals are cloned from parts of adults; comes in many and varied forms of modified stems, leaves, or roots. |
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Definition
| Plant cell with only the plasma membrane. |
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Definition
| Plant cells that have divided in a culture. |
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| Factors that threaten plants such as weather, fire, soil conditions. |
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Definition
| Factors that threaten plants such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, animals, and other plants. |
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Definition
| Part of the dermal tissue of above ground plants; it is a long chain of fatty acids linked together. |
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Definition
| Structure of haustoria, a type of fungus hyphae, that forms inside the host plant cell and draws nutrients from it. |
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Definition
| A fungi that forms a symbiotic relationship with plants because it provides access to soil phosphorous. |
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Definition
| Bacteria that forms a symbiotic relationship with plants because it is nitrogen fixing therefore it provides access to nitrogen for plants. |
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Term
| Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) |
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Definition
| A bacteria that forms a symbiotic relationship with plants; it lives around the root system and benefits from carbohydrates present in root exudates. It provides substances that support plant growth like gibberellins and limits the growth of pathogenic soil bacteria. |
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Definition
| Toxin produced when plant cells are damaged. They stop electron transportation (located inside the mitochondria), blocking herbivore respiration. |
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Definition
| Toxins that kill herbivores, make them ill, or repel them with strong flavors or odors. |
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Definition
| Metabolites that are produced by plants as toxins when metabolic pathways needed to sustain life are modified. Examples include alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, tannins, terpenes, terpenoids. |
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Definition
| A secondary metabolite that disrupts the predator’s digestion by binding to proteins and inactiving them; composed of po |
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Definition
| Highly volatile lipids found in aromatic plants. Belongs to two groups: terpenes and terpenoids. Also known as essential oils or volatile oils; part of the mint family. |
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Definition
| Phenomenom where plants poison other plants by secreting chemicals to block seed germination or inhibit growth of nearby plants. (Black walnut tree) |
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Definition
| A plant alkaloid that is extremely poisonous. It is produced by the castor bean plant. A single seed can kill a small child. It functions as a ribosome-binding protein that inhibits translation. |
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Definition
| A secondary metabolite derived from the soy plant that is beneficial to humans. Genistein is the most important one; it has been shown to lower the rate of prostate cancer. |
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Definition
| Secondary metabolite derived from the pacific yew tree that is beneficial to humans; It can help fight cancer. |
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Definition
| Secondary metabolite of the Cinchona tree that is effective against malaria. It is not fully understood how it works; it facilitates the aggregation of free heme as a toxic heme that poisons the parasite. |
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Definition
| Trees that has formed a symbiotic relationship with ants in which the ants protect the tree from harmful herbivores. |
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Definition
| Animal that is attracted to a volatile compound released by plants when it is being eaten by caterpillars. It lays eggs in the caterpillar which later kills it and saves the plant. |
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Definition
| Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptides into amino acids; needed to digest proteins. Inhibitors of this enzyme are released by plants as a response to when it is being chewed or injured. |
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Definition
| Acid that turns on genes for proteinase inhibitors; systemin peptide signals the plants to release it. |
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Definition
| Caused when a plant's R gene recognizes a pathogen. Leads to very rapid cell death around the site of attack. It seals off the wounded tissue to prevent the pathogen or pest from moving into rest of the plant. |
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Definition
| Antimicrobial chemical defense agents (usually alkaloids, terpenooids, or other secondary metabolism agent) activated by the hypersensitive response. |
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Definition
| Long slender filaments found in multicellular fungi. Some are continuously filled with cytoplasm and multiple nuclei, others are divided by septa. Allows rapid growth under good conditions |
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Definition
| Mass of connected hyphae; grows through and digests its substrate. |
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Definition
| Composes cell wall of fungi. |
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Definition
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| Nuclei from genetically distinct individuals |
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Definition
| Nuclei are genetically identical to each another. |
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Definition
| Nuclear envelope does not break down and reform, instead, the spindle apparatus is formed within the nucleus; seen in fungi. |
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Definition
| The most common means of fertilization in fungi. May form from sexual or asexual processes. Most are dispersed by wind. |
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| Unicellular ascomycetes. Most reproduce asexually by budding. They can ferment carbohydrates. |
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Definition
| Fungi that lives in the intercellular spaces inside plants. Some are parasitic, some are commensalistic. Some fungi protect their hosts from herbivores by producing toxins. |
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Definition
| Ascomycetes that forms a symbiotic association with a photosynthetic partner. Fungus grows on cell wall and does not enter in plasma. |
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Definition
| Fungus that forms a symbiotic relationship with plants. This particular types includes Globeromycetes. |
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Definition
| Fungus that forms a symbiotic relationship with plants. This particular type use forest trees as hosts and is primarily basidiomycetes. |
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Definition
| Yeast like fungus that causes pneumonia in AIDS. |
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Term
| Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis |
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Definition
| Fungus that causes chytridiomycosis; Responsible for the worldwide decline in amphibian populations. |
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Definition
| Body parts arranged around central axis. Can be dissected into two equal halves in any 2-D plane. |
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Definition
| Body has right and left halves that are mirror images. Only the sagittal plane bisects the animal into two equal halves. |
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Definition
| Sponges; the simplest animals. They lack defined tissues and organs. |
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Definition
| Animals that have well defined tissues and organs. They have irreversible differentiation for most cells. |
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Definition
| One of the three germ layers produced during embryonic development. Includes the body coverings and nervous system. |
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Definition
| One of the three germ layers that forms during embryonic development. Includes skeletons and muscles (heart) |
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Definition
| One of the three germ layers that develops during embryonic development. Includes most organs and intestines. |
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Definition
| Space surrounded by the mesoderm tissue. Not the digestive tube. |
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Definition
| Animals with no body cavity such as flat worms. Their organs are in direct contact with mesodermal tissue. |
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Definition
| Animals with body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm. Body cavity develops between mesoderm and endoderm. |
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Definition
| Animals with their cavity entirely within the mesoderm. Found in most bilateral animals. |
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Definition
| Structure that is produced by mitotic cell division of the egg in bilaterian animals. It forms a ball of cells. |
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Definition
| Structure formed when the blastula folds inward to form a two layer thick ball. Includes blastospore, archenteron and mesoderm. |
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Definition
| Animals that develop the mouth first from or near the blastospore. Spiral cleavage. Determinate development. Coelom forms early |
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Definition
| Animals that develop the anus first from the blastopore. Mouth develops later from another region of the embryo. Includes echinoderms, chordate. Radial cleavage. Indeterminate development. Coelom forms late. |
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Definition
| Multicellular animals; divided into parazoa and eumetazoa. |
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Definition
| Eumetatzoans that have blastula in two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm). Includes Cnidaria and Ctenophora. |
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Definition
| Eumetazoans that have blastula with three germ layers; complex animals. Protosomes and deuterostomes. |
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Definition
| Part of the outer epithelium (first layer) in ponifera. It is a pore where water comes through. |
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Definition
| Part of the outer epithelium (first layer) in Ponifera. It is a large opening where water exits. |
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Definition
| The second layer in Ponifera that includes the middle layer (gelatenous protein matrix), spicules (needles of calcium carbonate) and spongin (reinforcing protein fibers). |
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Definition
| The third layer in Ponifera. They are flagellated collar cells that face the internal cavity. They engulf and digest food from passing water. May transform into sperm cells. |
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