Term
| Characteristic of Prokaryotes |
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Definition
A) combined mass of 10x> than all eukaryotes combined
B) Found wherever there is life
Hear mostly about the illness causing
Most common are those that are beneficial |
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Term
| Examples of Beneficial Prokaryotes |
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Definition
Instestine
Mouth
Decomposers |
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Term
Universal Ancestor Tree
Divided into 3 groups |
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Definition
1) Domain Bacteria
2) Domain Archea
3) Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes) |
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Term
| Structure , Function and Genetic Adaptaions of Prokaryotes |
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Definition
1) Mostly unicellular
2) Diversity of Shape
1) Spheres (cocci)
2) Rods ( Bacilli)
3) Helices(spirilla, Spirochetes
3) Most have diameters 1-5 nanometers |
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Term
| External Cell wall to Plasma Membrane Function How |
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Definition
1) Maintains Cells Shape
2) Affords Physical protection
3) Prevents brusting in hypotonic
environment |
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Term
| Prokaryotic Cell walls consist of |
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Definition
| Peptidoglycan- Sugars cross linked with polypeptides |
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Term
| Which gram stain is more threateneing |
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Definition
Gram Negative
1) Lipoplysaccharide-- Toxic |
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Term
| How does the cell wall aid in gram negative bacteria to be more threatening |
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Definition
The Capsule enables prokaryotes to adhere to thier substrate
Can Shield pathogenic species from hosts immune system |
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Term
| What do prokaryote use to adhere to thier substrate |
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Definition
| Fimbriae also known as attachment pili |
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Term
| Name the 3 types of motiliy of prokaryotes |
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Definition
1) Flagella Action (most common)
2) Corkscrew Motion (spirochetes)
3) Secrete Slimy threads |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Differences from prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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Definition
1) Lack Compartmentalization by internal membranes
2) Infolded regions of the plasma
membrane
3) Smaller Simplier Genomes
4) Ribosomes smaller & differ in
protien content |
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Term
| How do certain antibiotics such as erythromycin and tetracycline work effiecently |
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Definition
| by binding to prokaryotic ribosomes and block protien synthesis |
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Term
| How do prokaryotes reproduce |
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Definition
| by asexually binary fission |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in population in size |
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Term
| Mutation is a major source of what |
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Definition
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Term
| Very Rapid Adaptation is beneficial for what |
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Definition
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Term
| Horizontal Gene Transfer is |
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Definition
| Bringing together DNA from differnt individuals |
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Term
| Three mechanisms that can function to transfer genes between individuals |
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Definition
1) Transformation
2) Conjugation
3) Transduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell takes up genes form surrounding environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct transfer of genes from one prokaryote to another |
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Term
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Definition
| Viruses transfer genes from one prokaryote to another |
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Term
| Name 4 groups that have diverse nutrition and metabolic adaptations & carbon use |
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Definition
1) Phototroph- uses light energy
2) Chemotroph- uses chemical from env.
3) Autotroph- need only CO2 (inorganic)
4) Heterotroph- require at least one organic nutrient |
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Term
| Name 4 combined nutritions groups name the 4 mojor modes of nutrition |
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Definition
1) photoautotroph
2) Chemotroph
3) Autotroph
4) Heterotroph |
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Term
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Definition
| Photosyntheic organisms that use light energy to drive systhesis of organic from CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| need only CO2 but oxidize inorganic substances for Energy |
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Term
| What is Photoheterotrophs |
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Definition
| Use of light energy, obtain carbon in organic form |
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Term
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Definition
| Consume organic molecules for energy and carbon |
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Term
| Which of the 4 modes of nutrition covers the majority |
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Definition
| Chemoheterotrophs- almost any organic molecule can serve as food source- petroleum |
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Term
| What are the Relationships to Oxygen with Prokaryotes |
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Definition
Obligate Aerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Obligate anaerobes |
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Term
| What is an Obligate Aerobes |
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Definition
| they use O2 for cellular respiration and can not grow without |
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Term
| What is Facultative Anaerobes |
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Definition
| They use O2 if present but can grow anaerobically |
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Term
| What is Obligate Anaerobes |
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Definition
| Poisoned by O2- may use fermentation or anaerobic respiration |
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Term
| What is Nitrogen Fixation |
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Definition
| it is Converting N2 to NH4 only biomechanism that makes atmospheric N2 available to organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Soil Nitrite (NO2) and Nitrate (NO3) - return N2 to atmosphere |
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Term
| Do Prokaryotes Fix Nitrogen and return for use |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a photosynethic Cell/ Anabaena |
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Definition
| Where the atmospheric nitrogen gets fixed and then released |
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Term
| What is metabolic Cooperation? |
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Definition
| When prokaryotes beloning to different species or even different domains cooperate |
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Term
| 5 Major Clades of Prokaryotes |
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Definition
1) Proteobacteria
2) Clamydias
3) spirochetes
4) Gram Positive Bacteria
5) Cyanobacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Euryachaeota
Crenarchaeota
Korarchaeota
Nanoarcheota |
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Term
| Autotrophic prokaryoites make what? |
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Definition
| organic compounds from CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Living together in some form |
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Term
| the Metabolic diversity of prokaryotes is key to what? |
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Definition
| restoring the environment to its native condition |
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Term
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Definition
| Both organisms living together |
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Term
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Definition
| One organism recieves benefit but the other isnt harmed |
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Term
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Definition
| One organisms (parasite) benefits at the expense of the host |
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Term
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Definition
| is when the bacteria attacks only when the immune system is down and cause harm |
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Term
| Pathogenic Prokaryotes cause approximately how many diseases |
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Definition
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Term
| How do prokaryotes cause disease |
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Definition
1) Some invade tissue
2) Some produce poison |
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Term
| What types of poison do prokaryotes cause |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| toxin released from the external membrane after the prokaryotes die |
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Term
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Definition
| Protiens secreted by prokaryote botulism |
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Term
True or False
Horizontal gene transfer cna also spread genes associated with virulence- turn harmless prokaryotes into fatal pathogens |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Diversity with Protists is Key with respect to what |
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Definition
Nutrition and Reproduction
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Term
| Protists along with what are Eukaryotes |
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Definition
| Plants, animals and Fungi |
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Term
| Eukaryotes arose a billion years after what |
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Definition
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Term
| Excavates are characterized by |
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Definition
its cytoskeleton
Some have a excavated groove on the side of the body
Some have modified mitochondria
Some have unique flagella
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Term
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Definition
Diplomanad
Parabasalid
Euglenozoans
Kinetoplastids
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Kinetoplastids cause what diseases |
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Definition
African Sleeping Sickness
Chagas Disease
Leishmaniasis |
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Term
| Parasites have complexe life cycles that include |
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Definition
Defenitive Host
Intermediate Host
Resivoir |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Use either light or organic material for nutrition |
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Term
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Definition
| a modified plastid related to chloroplast but not photosynthetic |
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Term
| Malaria functions how in humans |
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Definition
| Mosquito bite where the parasite transported to liver to lives and divides, liver cell bursts and releases parasites into the bloodstream, where they divide and invade new blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
large varied group of protists
have two distinctive types of nuclei
Macronuclei and Micronuclei |
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Term
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Definition
a groupe of marine Algae
most important photosynthetic Organisms
have numerous flagella with hair like projections |
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Term
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Definition
Unicellular algae
Can withstand extreme pressure
Major component of plankton
when not eaton their bodies sink to ocean floor and become biological carbon pump |
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Term
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Definition
Plasmodial Slime molds
Cellular Slime Molds |
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Term
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Definition
| going from two copies (diploid) to one copy (haploid) |
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Term
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Definition
Are heterotrophs
Digest food outside thier bodies
secrete enzymes
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Term
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Definition
decomposers
parasites
mutualistic symbionts
Most portions is subteranian which is called Mycelium
Suprateranian projections above ground like mushrooms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When chitin divides called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| are tiny filaments composed of tubular walls that suround plasma membrane and cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| haphae wrap around or intrude into host |
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Term
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Definition
have rapid growth
reproduce by releasing spores which are distributed by air |
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Term
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Definition
| diploid and have two genes with two nucleus called heterokaryon |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Karyogamy does or does not always happen between fusion of cytoplasm and fusion of nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the time between fusion of cytoplasm and fusion of nucleus |
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Term
| During meiosis fusion of nucleus do not take the origional cell from diploid back to haploid |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Fungi like anmials, plants form the clade |
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Definition
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Term
| Five major classes of Fungi |
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Definition
Chytrids
Zygomycota
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
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Term
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Definition
| Form flagenated zoospores |
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Term
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Definition
have a asexual phase
When food sources are limited they begin to reproduce asexually and from a zygosporangian
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Term
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Definition
| resistant to extreme cold and to drying out |
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Term
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Definition
| push thier arbuscules (tree like structures) into plants roots |
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Term
| Ascomycota create a fruting body |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
have club fungi
Very important decomposer of wood and other plants
They also are long living dikaryotic mycelium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Molds can or can not be classified until it produces a fruiting body |
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Definition
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Term
| A mold has no sexual stage or fruting body is called a |
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Definition
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Term
| Lichens are mistaken for what |
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Definition
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Term
| Green Algae can be held in a mesh of |
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Definition
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