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Bio II Chapt 27, 28,31,32,33,34
Chapt 27,28, 31,32,33,34
103
Biology
Undergraduate 3
08/27/2012

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Term
Characteristic of Prokaryotes
Definition
A) combined mass of 10x> than all eukaryotes combined
B) Found wherever there is life

Hear mostly about the illness causing
Most common are those that are beneficial
Term
Examples of Beneficial Prokaryotes
Definition
Instestine
Mouth
Decomposers
Term
Universal Ancestor Tree
Divided into 3 groups
Definition
1) Domain Bacteria
2) Domain Archea
3) Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes)
Term
Structure , Function and Genetic Adaptaions of Prokaryotes
Definition
1) Mostly unicellular
2) Diversity of Shape
1) Spheres (cocci)
2) Rods ( Bacilli)
3) Helices(spirilla, Spirochetes
3) Most have diameters 1-5 nanometers
Term
External Cell wall to Plasma Membrane Function How
Definition
1) Maintains Cells Shape
2) Affords Physical protection
3) Prevents brusting in hypotonic
environment
Term
Prokaryotic Cell walls consist of
Definition
Peptidoglycan- Sugars cross linked with polypeptides
Term
Which gram stain is more threateneing
Definition
Gram Negative
1) Lipoplysaccharide-- Toxic
Term
How does the cell wall aid in gram negative bacteria to be more threatening
Definition
The Capsule enables prokaryotes to adhere to thier substrate
Can Shield pathogenic species from hosts immune system
Term
What do prokaryote use to adhere to thier substrate
Definition
Fimbriae also known as attachment pili
Term
Name the 3 types of motiliy of prokaryotes
Definition
1) Flagella Action (most common)
2) Corkscrew Motion (spirochetes)
3) Secrete Slimy threads
Term
Define Taxis
Definition
Directional Movement
Term
Name two types of Taxis
Definition
Chemotaxis
Phototaxis
Term
Differences from prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Definition
1) Lack Compartmentalization by internal membranes
2) Infolded regions of the plasma
membrane
3) Smaller Simplier Genomes
4) Ribosomes smaller & differ in
protien content
Term
How do certain antibiotics such as erythromycin and tetracycline work effiecently
Definition
by binding to prokaryotic ribosomes and block protien synthesis
Term
How do prokaryotes reproduce
Definition
by asexually binary fission
Term
what does growth mean
Definition
increase in population in size
Term
Mutation is a major source of what
Definition
genetic variation
Term
Very Rapid Adaptation is beneficial for what
Definition
Environmental Change
Term
Horizontal Gene Transfer is
Definition
Bringing together DNA from differnt individuals
Term
Three mechanisms that can function to transfer genes between individuals
Definition
1) Transformation
2) Conjugation
3) Transduction
Term
What is Transformation
Definition
Cell takes up genes form surrounding environment
Term
What is Conjugation
Definition
Direct transfer of genes from one prokaryote to another
Term
What is Transduction
Definition
Viruses transfer genes from one prokaryote to another
Term
Name 4 groups that have diverse nutrition and metabolic adaptations & carbon use
Definition
1) Phototroph- uses light energy
2) Chemotroph- uses chemical from env.
3) Autotroph- need only CO2 (inorganic)
4) Heterotroph- require at least one organic nutrient
Term
Name 4 combined nutritions groups name the 4 mojor modes of nutrition
Definition
1) photoautotroph
2) Chemotroph
3) Autotroph
4) Heterotroph
Term
What is Phototroph
Definition
Photosyntheic organisms that use light energy to drive systhesis of organic from CO2
Term
What is Chemoautotrophs
Definition
need only CO2 but oxidize inorganic substances for Energy
Term
What is Photoheterotrophs
Definition
Use of light energy, obtain carbon in organic form
Term
What is chemohetertrophs
Definition
Consume organic molecules for energy and carbon
Term
Which of the 4 modes of nutrition covers the majority
Definition
Chemoheterotrophs- almost any organic molecule can serve as food source- petroleum
Term
What are the Relationships to Oxygen with Prokaryotes
Definition
Obligate Aerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Obligate anaerobes
Term
What is an Obligate Aerobes
Definition
they use O2 for cellular respiration and can not grow without
Term
What is Facultative Anaerobes
Definition
They use O2 if present but can grow anaerobically
Term
What is Obligate Anaerobes
Definition
Poisoned by O2- may use fermentation or anaerobic respiration
Term
What is Nitrogen Fixation
Definition
it is Converting N2 to NH4 only biomechanism that makes atmospheric N2 available to organisms
Term
What is Denitrify
Definition
Soil Nitrite (NO2) and Nitrate (NO3) - return N2 to atmosphere
Term
Do Prokaryotes Fix Nitrogen and return for use
Definition
True
Term
What is a photosynethic Cell/ Anabaena
Definition
Where the atmospheric nitrogen gets fixed and then released
Term
What is metabolic Cooperation?
Definition
When prokaryotes beloning to different species or even different domains cooperate
Term
5 Major Clades of Prokaryotes
Definition
1) Proteobacteria
2) Clamydias
3) spirochetes
4) Gram Positive Bacteria
5) Cyanobacteria
Term
Name 4 Clades of Archea
Definition
Euryachaeota
Crenarchaeota
Korarchaeota
Nanoarcheota
Term
Autotrophic prokaryoites make what?
Definition
organic compounds from CO2
Term
What does symbiotic mean
Definition
Living together in some form
Term
the Metabolic diversity of prokaryotes is key to what?
Definition
restoring the environment to its native condition
Term
What is Mutualism
Definition
Both organisms living together
Term
What is Commensalism
Definition
One organism recieves benefit but the other isnt harmed
Term
What is parasitims
Definition
One organisms (parasite) benefits at the expense of the host
Term
What is opportunistic
Definition
is when the bacteria attacks only when the immune system is down and cause harm
Term
Pathogenic Prokaryotes cause approximately how many diseases
Definition
1/2 of all human disease
Term
How do prokaryotes cause disease
Definition
1) Some invade tissue
2) Some produce poison
Term
What types of poison do prokaryotes cause
Definition
Endotoxins and Exotoxins
Term
What is Endotoxins
Definition
toxin released from the external membrane after the prokaryotes die
Term
What is Exotoxins
Definition
Protiens secreted by prokaryote botulism
Term
True or False
Horizontal gene transfer cna also spread genes associated with virulence- turn harmless prokaryotes into fatal pathogens
Definition
True
Term
Protists are
Definition
All Eukaryotes
Term
Diversity with Protists is Key with respect to what
Definition

Nutrition and Reproduction

 

Term
Protists along with what are Eukaryotes
Definition
Plants, animals and Fungi
Term
Eukaryotes arose a billion years after what
Definition
Prokaryotes
Term
Excavates are characterized by
Definition

its cytoskeleton

Some have a excavated  groove on the side of the body

Some have modified mitochondria

Some have unique flagella

 

Term
Excavates include
Definition

Diplomanad

Parabasalid

Euglenozoans

Kinetoplastids

 

 

Term
Kinoplast contain what
Definition

Multiple copies of DNA

 

 

Term
Kinetoplastids cause what diseases
Definition

African Sleeping Sickness

Chagas Disease

Leishmaniasis

Term
Parasites have complexe life cycles that include
Definition

Defenitive Host

Intermediate Host

Resivoir

Term
A Defenitive Host
Definition
Reproduces
Term
Intermediate host
Definition
Replicate asexual
Term
Resivoir
Definition
Harbor Parasite
Term
Mixotrophs
Definition
Use either light or organic material for nutrition
Term
Apicoplast is
Definition
a modified plastid related to chloroplast but not photosynthetic
Term
Malaria functions how in humans
Definition
Mosquito bite where the parasite transported to liver to lives and divides, liver cell bursts and releases parasites into the bloodstream, where they divide and invade new blood cells
Term
Ciliates are what
Definition

large varied group of protists

have two distinctive types of nuclei

Macronuclei and Micronuclei

Term
Stramenopiles are
Definition

a groupe of marine Algae

most important photosynthetic Organisms

have numerous flagella with hair like projections

Term
Diatoms
Definition

Unicellular algae

Can withstand extreme pressure

Major component of plankton

when not eaton their bodies sink to ocean floor and become biological carbon pump

Term
Slime Molds
Definition

Plasmodial Slime molds

Cellular Slime Molds

Term
Meiosis
Definition
going from two copies (diploid) to one copy (haploid)
Term
Fungi characters
Definition

Are heterotrophs

Digest food outside thier bodies

secrete enzymes

 

Term
Fungi Functions
Definition

decomposers

parasites

mutualistic symbionts

Most portions is subteranian which is called Mycelium

Suprateranian projections above ground like mushrooms

Term
Fungi Cell wall is
Definition
Chitin
Term
When chitin divides called
Definition
Septa
Term
When not divided called
Definition
Asepta
Term
Hyphae
Definition
are tiny filaments composed of tubular walls that suround plasma membrane and cytoplasm
Term
parasitic fungi
Definition
haphae wrap around or intrude into host
Term
Fungi can
Definition

have rapid growth

reproduce by releasing spores which are distributed by air

Term
Some fungie spores are
Definition
diploid and have two genes with two nucleus called heterokaryon
Term
Plasmogomy
Definition
fusion of cytoplasm
Term
Karyogamy
Definition
fusion of haploid nuclei
Term
Karyogamy does or does not always happen between fusion of cytoplasm and fusion of nucleus
Definition
True  
Term
What is Heterokaryon
Definition
the time between fusion of cytoplasm and fusion of nucleus
Term
During meiosis fusion of nucleus do not take the origional cell from diploid back to haploid
Definition
False
Term
Fungi Evolved from
Definition
Flagellated ancestor
Term
Fungi like anmials, plants form the clade
Definition
opisthokaonts
Term
Five major classes of Fungi
Definition

Chytrids

Zygomycota

Glomeromycota

Ascomycota

Basidiomycota

 

Term
Character of Chitrids
Definition
Form flagenated zoospores
Term
Zygomycota
Definition

have a asexual phase

When food sources are limited they begin to reproduce asexually and from a zygosporangian

 

Term
Zygosporangian are
Definition
resistant to extreme cold and to drying out
Term
Glomeromycota
Definition
push thier arbuscules (tree like structures) into plants roots
Term
Ascomycota create a fruting body
Definition
Sac Fungi
Term
Basidiomycota
Definition

have club fungi

Very important decomposer of wood and other plants

They also are long living dikaryotic mycelium

Term
Molds reproduce
Definition
a sexaually
Term
Molds can or can not be classified until it produces a fruiting body
Definition
Can Not
Term
A mold has no sexual stage or fruting body is called a
Definition
Deutermycetes
Term
Lichens are mistaken for what
Definition
Mosses
Term
Green Algae can be held in a mesh of
Definition
fungal hyphae
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