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| one characteristic that varies along a continuum |
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| a trait which results from polygenic inheritance, in which a phenotype is influenced by multiple genes |
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| a characteristic that had two distinct phenotypic outcomes |
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| flower color, wrinkled vs. smooth peapods |
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| usually determined at a single locus by two allele types which exert different influences over the phenotype |
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| two or more discrete traits or "morphs" which are present in the same population |
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| Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium |
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| based on a theoretic "non-evolving" population, used to establish a baseline in order to judge a populations evolution rate |
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| 5 Characteristics of the Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium |
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1. no mutations
2. no large populations
3. no sexual selection
4. no natural selection
5. no gene flow |
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| When changes in gene frequecy occur from one generation to the next due to chance events |
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| When the number of individuals in a population is greatly reduced by natural disaster, and the number of alleles is skewed based on the few individuals who survived |
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| when a small section of the population gets seperated from the larger population, decreasing the ammount of genotypes |
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| Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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| Hardy-Weinburg Allele Frequency Equation |
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| Hardy-Weinburg genotypic Frequency Equation |
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| Stabilizing, directional, diversifying |
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| the extremes are selected against, leaving the neutral, middle option to flourish |
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| one extreme is selected against, skewing the curve to one side or the other |
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| the neutral population is selected against, allowing the extremes to flourish |
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| Intersexual and Intrasexual |
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| a female chooses a male based on qualities or displays percieved to indicate strong genes |
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| Males of a species fight for control of a group of females- not as controlled because beta males sneak into the group and reproduce |
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| Intersexual Selection Example |
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| Peacocks, Red-winged black birds, bower birds, mocking birds |
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| Intrasexual Selection Example |
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| Stabilizing Selection example |
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| The neutral colored mice better blend in with their enviroment, so the light and dark mice are eaten more often |
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| Diversifying Selection example |
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| The medium sized giraffes are poached because their pelts are ideal sizes, so the tall and short giraffes are left alone |
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| Directional Selection Example |
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| The short giraffes all die off because they aren't able to eat the healthiest leaves |
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| humans choose for the animals |
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| Artificial Selection Example |
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| Dog breeders, horse breeders |
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| limiting resources, tremendous fecundity, stable population sizes, variation, heritible traits |
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| If there is tremendous fecundity, there will be a limitng number of resources, so only a few offspring will be able to survive and pass on their characteristics (Survival of the fittest) |
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| slowly evolved by coming onto land for a short period of time |
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| Book lung- allowed it to breathe under water and on land |
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| Had to be moist to breathe and function |
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| traits dependant on geographic habitat when the species has a large range |
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| Geographic variation example |
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| The further north you go, the larger the black bears are |
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| same characteristics evolve from different ancestoral lines |
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| Example of Convergent Evolution |
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| Austrailia Vs. America: Marsupial wolves vs. wolves |
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| a continuum with an infinite number of variations: fur color |
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| Amphibians had 2 things that allowed them to inhabit land: |
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| double circulation system evolved: systemic and pulmonary |
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| evolved from lobed-fin fish |
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| salamanders, sirens, newts |
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| dont choose to fully metamorphize and remain in semi-larval state for entire life |
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| shelled with yolk for food |
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