Term
| What is evolution and what causes it? |
|
Definition
| evolution is descendants of ancestral species that were different from present day species it is caused by the change in populations. |
|
|
Term
| What is evidence for evolution? |
|
Definition
| fossil records, bacterial evolution, introduced species, homology of morphology, ontogeny, and genetics. |
|
|
Term
| How does natural selection happen, how does it lead to evolution? |
|
Definition
| individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive to reproduce at higher rates. It leads to evolution by creating a new species. |
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|
Term
| How is hardy-Weinberg equilibrium used in the study of evolution? |
|
Definition
| to predict the allele and frequencies and genotypes of populations through generations |
|
|
Term
| How does speciation happen? |
|
Definition
| by the formation of new species as a result of geographic, physiological, anatomical or behavioral factors that prevent previously interbreeding. |
|
|
Term
| How does evolution lead to both similarities and differences among living things? |
|
Definition
| traits passed down from past generations |
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|
Term
| How does maximum parsimony contribute to cladistics and phylogenetic trees? |
|
Definition
| Keeps them as simple as possible |
|
|
Term
| What steps were necessary for the first life to form on Earth? |
|
Definition
| Abiotic synthesis of organic molecules, packaging molecules into a membrane, ability to self replicate, formation of DNA, Meteors |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of plate tectonics and continental drift in evolutionary history? |
|
Definition
| large scale macro evolution. |
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|
Term
| What is the role of climate change in evolutionary history? |
|
Definition
| Ice Age, Extinctions, etc |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the 3 Domains of life? |
|
Definition
| Archae, Bacteria, Eukarya |
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|
Term
| What is the role of endosymbiosis in protist evolution? |
|
Definition
| Heteroautotrophs and chemoautotrophs |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of chance in evolution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How has evolution lead humans to cultural ascent? |
|
Definition
| bodies & brains are adapted to communicate information to each other through oral language |
|
|
Term
| What challenges and opportunities would have affected the colonization of land by plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What "trends" are apparent in the evolution of plants? |
|
Definition
| Flower ovary matures into fruit, fruit disperses seed |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of a flower? |
|
Definition
| To attract pollinators for reproduction |
|
|
Term
| What structures did plants evolve that allowed them adapt to life on land? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage and disadvantage of having a very specific pollinator? |
|
Definition
Specific pollinator guarantees pollination of the same type of plant.
If the specific pollinator suffers, so does the flower. |
|
|
Term
| Why are lichens good colonizers of barren land? |
|
Definition
| They can thrive in extreme environments |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the results of the process of gastrulation? |
|
Definition
| Games, Zygote, Blastula, Gastrulation, Invaginate, Blastopore, Formation of digestive tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid appearance of many new species |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Child form shape adult still has larval traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Control placement and number of body parts |
|
|
Term
| Does evolution always produce organisms that are more "complex" than previous ones?... Why do we still see organisms that appear relatively unchanged from their early ancestors from millions of years ago? |
|
Definition
| Organisms only evolve when needed |
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of having a larval stage? |
|
Definition
| specialized task, no competition between stages |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of vertebrata? |
|
Definition
| neural crest, craniates, vertebral column, endoskeleton, pharyngeal slits, more complex brains and organ systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal support of pharyngeal slits |
|
|
Term
| Describe the series of evolutionary steps by which vertebrates adapted to land. |
|
Definition
| lobe finned fishes have lungs and limbs that transformed them into amphibians |
|
|
Term
| How did bird feathers evolve? |
|
Definition
| From the scales of fish, for insulation |
|
|
Term
| Whats the advantage and disadvantage of being endothermic? |
|
Definition
| can control body temperature and don’t have to rely on the environment but requires energy |
|
|
Term
| What are the evolutionary trends seen in the evolution of humans from an ape-like ancestor? |
|
Definition
| Reducing jaw and canines, adaptations for bidpedalism, tool use, and increasing brain size |
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|
Term
| Give some examples of how form and function are related in animals? |
|
Definition
| animal form is the result of natural selection and serves a specific function, diversity of animal forms reflects the diversity of selective pressures in the envionment |
|
|
Term
| How are the endocrine system and the nervous system alike? |
|
Definition
| they both are directly involved in regulating all other systems |
|
|
Term
| How are the functions of the male and female reproductive systems similar? how are they different? why? |
|
Definition
| both produce gametes and sex hormones, female: produce and care, male: fertilize |
|
|
Term
| What are some ways that the digestive systems of animals have evolved to consume different food sources? |
|
Definition
| differentiation of teeth and size of cecum |
|
|
Term
| How is acclimatization different from adaptation? |
|
Definition
| adaptation is inherited, acclimatization is at the individual level and not passed onto offspring |
|
|
Term
| How can our behaviors help us to maintain homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| add clothing when cold, drink water when dehydrated, eat when calories are low, urinate when bladder is full |
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|
Term
| What are Tinbergen's 4 questions and how do they help us to understand behavior? |
|
Definition
| What is the stimulus and physiological mechanism of repsonse? 2. Is the behavior affected by the animal's past experiences? 3. How does the behavior enhance survial or reproduction? 4. What is the behavior's evolutionary history? |
|
|
Term
| In what ways do animals communicate, and why? |
|
Definition
| send and receive signals by visual, chemical, audio, or tactile |
|
|
Term
| What aspects of human behavior and the human brain seem to be unique, setting us apart from other animals? |
|
Definition
| we have no limitations when it comes to associative learning. We are capable of learning and applying what we have learned to a different situation |
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|
Term
| What factors affect the level of parental care males give to their offspring? |
|
Definition
| certainty of paternity: internal vs external fertilization |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by "a trade-off between survival and reproduction? |
|
Definition
| when organisms live in familiar groups they are helping their own genes to survive even if they specifically are not reproducing |
|
|
Term
| What factors affect density-dependent population growth? |
|
Definition
| competition for resources, territoriality, disease, predation, toxic wastes and intrinsic factors |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| living components of ecosystem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonliving components of ecosystem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flow of chemical elements between living organisms & the environment. Exp: water cycle, carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle |
|
|
Term
| Organic Carbon and Nitrogen |
|
Definition
| derived from living matter or of biological origin |
|
|
Term
| Inorganic Carbon and Nitrogen |
|
Definition
| not arising from natural growth, compounds not containing carbon |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the feeding habits or food relationship of different organisms in a food chain. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| organisms that make carbon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any organism that consumes or feeds on autotrophs or decaying matter. Exp: grasshoppers |
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Term
|
Definition
| An organism that largely feeds on primary consumers. Exp: field mouse |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism that largely feeds on secondary and primary consumers |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An organism that feeds on corpses and decaying matter |
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Term
|
Definition
| study of the interactions between organisms and the environment |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the long-term prevailing weather conditions in an area |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms underneath a fallen log |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| patterns on the global, regional, and landscape level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a major life zone characterized by vegetation type or physical environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temp is high year round, vertically layered, home to millions of animal species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precipitation is low, may be hot or cold, plants adapted for heat and desiccation tolerance, water storage and reduced leaf surface area, many animals are nocturnal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precipitation is seasonal, temp warm year round, grasses make up most of ground cover, dominant plant species are fire-adapted and tolerant of seasonal drought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in midlatitude regions, precipitation is highly seasonal with rainy winters and dry summers, summer is hot while fall, winter and spring are cool, dominated by shrubs, small tress, grasses and herbs, many plants are adapted to fire and drought-grapes grow well |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| no shrubs or trees, precipitation is highly seasonal, winters are cold and dry while summers are hot and wet, dominant plants, grasses and forbs are adapted to fire, native mammals include large grazers such as bison and wild horses and small burrowers such as prairie dogs |
|
|
Term
| Northern Coniferous Forest |
|
Definition
| largest terrestrial biome, precipitation varies, winters are cold and long while summers may be hot, conifers dominate, animals include migratory birds and large mammals |
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|
Term
| Temperate Broadleaf Forest |
|
Definition
| found at midlatitudes, significant amount of precipitation fall during all seasons as rain or snow, winters average at 0C while summers are hot and humid, vertical layers are dominated by deciduous trees |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| arctic latitudes and high altitudes, precipitation is low, winters are long and cold, summers are relatively cool, permafrost prevent water infiltration, vegetation is herbaceous, supports migratory birds, grazer and predators |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has sufficient light for photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the photic and aphotic zones together |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the organic and inorganic sediment at the bottom of all aquatic zones |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| dead organic matter, falls from the productive surface water and is an important source of food |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Photosynthetic or plant constituent of plankton; mainly unicellular algae. A type of [[plankton classified as a plant. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| drifting heterotrophs that graze on the phytoplankton. Exp: protists, worms, copepods, krill, jellies, and invertebrate larva |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small ponds to large lakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| small water mass that contains a current |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a transition area between river and sea |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an area periodically submerged and exposed by tides, oxygen and nutrient levels are high |
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Term
|
Definition
| constantly mixed by wind-driven oceanic currents, oxygen is high, turnover in temp oceans renews nutrients in the photic zones, covers approximately 70% of Earth's surface |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| formed from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of the seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal or neritic zone and the offshore pelagic zone |
|
|
Term
| Why isn't 100% of energy conserved through each level of a trophic "pyramid"? |
|
Definition
| some energy is used in metabolic processes and lost as heat |
|
|
Term
| What factors affect how much water is found in an ecosystem? |
|
Definition
| climate, sunlight, salinity, temperature, geography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which photosynthetic organisms such as plants turn inorganic carbon (usually carbon dioxide) into organic compounds (Carbohydrates). |
|
|
Term
| How is carbon returned to the atmosphere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do plants get nitrogen? |
|
Definition
| from soil. nitrogen is fixated by bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| How do animals get nitrogen? |
|
Definition
| eat plants with have taken in nitrogen from the soil |
|
|
Term
| How do humans impact the nitrogen cycle? |
|
Definition
| release industrial and fertilizer reactive nitrogen gases into the atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| What abiotic factors affect the distribution of organisms? |
|
Definition
| temperature, water, sunlight, wind, rocks and soil (physical barriers) |
|
|
Term
| What factors affect climate? |
|
Definition
| solar energy and the planet's movement in space |
|
|
Term
| Why does the ocean's aphotic zone support relatively few living organisms? |
|
Definition
| most organisms occur in the relatively shallow photic zones where they can absorb energy from the sun or eat other photosynthetic organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of populations of different species in an area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| niche potentially occupied by a species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the niche actually occupied by that species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interaction where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| symbiosis. derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasites live inside host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasites live outside host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symbiosis. benefits both species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symbiosis. one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interaction where one species can have positive effects on another species without direct and intimate contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total number of different species in the community (relative abundance of diversity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branching food chain with complex trophic interactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy is lost during each level of a food chain. Not enough energy to support long food chains. |
|
|
Term
| dynamic stability hypothesis |
|
Definition
| food chains become unstable as they get longer. |
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Term
|
Definition
| all the processes through which natural ecosystems and their species help sustain human life |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| study of the nature for the purpose of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems |
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Term
|
Definition
| move from native locations to new geographic regions |
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Term
|
Definition
| human harvesting of wild plants or animals at rates exceeding the ability of populations of those species to rebound |
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Term
|
Definition
| concentrates toxins at higher trophic levels, where biomass is lower. (Sharks & Dolphins' mercury levels) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| greenhouse gases reflect infrared radiation back toward Earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meets the needs of people today without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their needs |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of bone or cartilage, one of the defining characteristics of the vertebrata |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sarcopterygii, bottom dwellers that used paired, muscular fins to "walk" on the substrate under water-bones with muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tiktaalik- has fish like characteristics (scales, fins, gill and lungs) and tetrapod characteristics (neck ribs fin skeleton flat skull) |
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Term
|
Definition
| regulate body temperature behaviorally-save energy- don't require a metabolism to burn calories for heat |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains fluids and nutrients (yolk) along with the ovum |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain body temperature through metabolic activity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| where mother's and offspring's blood mix, provide nutrients/remove waste |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an integrated group of cells with a common form and function |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs as sheets of tightly packed cells that cover body surfaces and line internal organs and cavities, create barriers |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells scattered through an extracellular matrix (space), holding tissues and organs together [bone, blood] |
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Term
|
Definition
| bundles of long cells called muscle fibers, contract for movement, most abundance tissue in most animals |
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Term
|
Definition
| transmit nerve impulses to process or send information, highly specialized to send signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dendrites receive signal and pass it through axon to other cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a specialized center of body function composed of many types of tissues |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the integration of several organs-enables the body to perform specific body functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Definition 40
one of the two organ systems that directly regulate other systems, internal regulatory system, composed of glands, secrete hormones, pheromones. Includes the pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland, pancreas, gonads. |
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Term
|
Definition
| coordinates body activities by detecting stimuli, integrating information and directing the bodys responses, contains the CNS and PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| locomotion and other movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| gas exchange (uptake of oxygen; disposal of carbon dioxide) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| internal distribution of materials |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| body support, protection of internal organs, movement |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of vessels and nodes that returns fluid to the bloodstream |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| processes information and sends signals to PNS (brain and spinal cord) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| body defense (fighting infections and cancer) |
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|
Term
| peripheral nervous system, |
|
Definition
| transmits information between CNS and other parts of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance of blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| autonomic nervous system, |
|
Definition
| control of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| control of skeletal muscule (voluntary movements) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where mother's and offspring's blood mix, provide nutrients/remove waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the four steps of the digestive system, take in food, eat |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release nutrients throughout body |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternating contraction and relaxing of muscles that push food through digestive tract |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| internal steady state. Maintains internal conditions within a range where life's metabolic process can occur. Every organism's goal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the chemical reactions in the body that sustain life |
|
|
Term
| negative feedback mechanism, |
|
Definition
| reduces the stimulus that caused it |
|
|
Term
| positive feedback mechanism, |
|
Definition
| increases the stimulus that caused it |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| adjusting to changes in environment, not passed to offspring |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| action by muscles, controlled by the nervous system, in repsonse to a stimulus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| an environmental cue/condition that elicits a response |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a sequence of unlearned (instinctive) acts directly linked to a simple stimulus, unchangeable, and carried out to completion |
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Term
|
Definition
| a regular, long-distance change in location |
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Term
|
Definition
| the transmission and reception of signals between animals |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the establishment of a memory that reflects the environment's spatial arrangement, identify objects in environment, geography |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to associate one environmental feature with another |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection and judgement |
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Term
|
Definition
| learning by observing others |
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Term
|
Definition
| a system of information transfer through observation or teaching that influences behavior of individuals in a population [nurture] |
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Term
|
Definition
| compromise between the benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one male and one female mate and remain together for an extended period of time, form a pair bond, investment required |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an individual of one sex mates and remains with many of the other sex |
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Term
|
Definition
| mates do not remain together |
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Term
|
Definition
| energy, resources, and time spent ensuring the young survive |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the number of individuals per unit area or volume |
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Term
|
Definition
| the pattern of spacing among indviduals within the boundaries of the population |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the influx of new individuals from other areas |
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Term
|
Definition
| the movement of individuals out of a population |
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of individuals of the same age |
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Term
|
Definition
| a graphic way of representing the data in a life table |
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|
Term
| exponential population growth, |
|
Definition
| population increase under idealized conditions |
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Term
|
Definition
| the maximum population size the environment can support |
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|
Term
| logistic population growth, |
|
Definition
| the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached |
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Term
|
Definition
| reproduce once and die- big-bang reproduction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| density-dependent population growth, |
|
Definition
| birth and death rates are an example of negative feedback that regulated population growth |
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Term
|
Definition
| summarized the aggregate land and water area needed to sustain the people of a nation |
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Term
|
Definition
| still in existence, surviving |
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Term
|
Definition
| non-vascular plants, mosses |
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Term
|
Definition
| vascular seedless plants, ferns |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| naked seed plants, conifera |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| plants with seeds in fruits |
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Term
|
Definition
| an embyo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coating |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| mature ovary of a flower, contains seed. Aids in protection and disperal of seed. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Aids in attracting pollinators by using color, nectar and fragrance, holds reproductive structures |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| male gametes- anther and filament |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals up from the roots of the plant |
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Term
|
Definition
| vascular tissue that transports organic compounds from leaves to other parts of the plant- can go up and down the stem |
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Term
|
Definition
| In cells walls, gives structural support |
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Term
|
Definition
| polysaccharides in the walls of xylem cells- give structural support |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| anchors plant, absorbs water and nutrients from soil, and prevents plant from falling |
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Term
|
Definition
| connects leaves to roots, gives height, supports leaves and flowers |
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Term
|
Definition
| dies back every year and resprouts- soft stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shrub or tree stem that doesn't die back each year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suface area to volume ratio, mycellium have a high SAV |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| tiny pores on leaves which allows diffusion of CO2 and O2 into leaf. Retain water |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfer of pollen from one anther to the stigma of a plant |
|
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Term
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Definition
| feeding body of a fungi, network of filaments below ground, high SAV. |
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Definition
| the single filaments that make up the mycelium |
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Definition
| makes up a fungi's cell wall and the exoskeleton of an arthopod |
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Definition
| beneficial relationship between plants and fungi |
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Definition
| external. Form a mantel, doesn't penetrate plant cells. Several types of fungi. |
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Definition
| penetrate root cells, form arbuscules (branch), only fungi in the group Glomeromycota |
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Definition
| haploid cells that disperse and germinate to form new mycelia |
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Definition
| ymbiosis of fungi and algae or cynobacteria. Create soil and provide a food source. Fungi provide structure and algae provide carbon. |
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Definition
| multicellur, heterotrophic, no cell wall, dominant diploid stage |
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Definition
| get their carbon energy by ingesting other organisms |
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Definition
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Definition
| the diploid product of the union of haploid gametes during fertilization |
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Definition
| an early stage of development in animals. Layer of 128 cells surrounding the bastoceol. Hollowball |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 layer embryo, the stage that cells have started to differentiate into germ layers |
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Term
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Definition
| the immature form of an animal |
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Definition
| feeding and growing. Don't have to compete |
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Term
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Definition
| the final stage of an animal's life |
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Term
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Definition
| the process during embyonic development that is a complex and coordinated series of cellular movements. Produces a three layer embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| the transformation of a larva into an adult |
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Term
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Definition
| membranous layers that isolate specialized true tissues from other tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| collections of specialized cells isolated from other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer germ layer, epidermis and nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle germ later, muscles, bones and circulatory system |
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Term
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Definition
| innermost germ layer, gives rise to the inner organs and lining of digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
| allows for the development of complex organs and large body sizes |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid or air filled spaces separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall |
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Term
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Definition
| animals without a body cavity; tissues fill the region between their gut and body wall |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that have a "false coelom"; an unlined body cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| animals with a lined body cavity; tissue lining called the peritoneum which encloses the organs in the coelom |
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Term
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Definition
| can cut it any way longitudinally and always end up with mirrored images |
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Term
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Definition
| mirror-image right and left sides, only one way to split it |
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Term
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Definition
| great increase in diversity of animal forms. Animals appeared. |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in the rate or timing of developmental events via mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| adult stage retains juvenile characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| master regulatory genes that control location and organization of body parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 germ layers-epidermis and gastrodermis |
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Term
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Definition
| cnidarian body plan the is flipped over, free living-floats |
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Term
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Definition
| cnidarian body plan that has a base stalk |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of simple nervous system- interconnected neurons lacking a brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the nervous tissue becomes concentrated toward one end of an organism, and eventually produces a head region with sensory organs-can respond better and faster |
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Term
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Definition
| coats the body- a type of exoskeleton. For defense, strucural integrity and locomotion |
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Term
| closed circulatory system, |
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Definition
| have blood vessels to move oxygen throughout body |
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Term
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Definition
| outer covering made of chitin secreted by the epidermis to provide rigid support, leverage and prevent dessication on land |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue that lines the shell of a mollusk |
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Term
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Definition
| head, thorax, and abdomen |
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Term
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Definition
| excretory organs connected to gut to rid waste |
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Term
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Definition
| system of branching tubes that carry gases to/from cells-spiracle on the end |
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Term
| , complete metamorphosis, |
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Definition
| larval stage is totally different from final adult form |
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Term
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Definition
| larval and adult stage are similar, larvae look like mini adults that may lack wings/sex organs |
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Term
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Definition
| hydraulic system of canals and reservoirs that control thousands of tube feet |
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Term
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Definition
| deuterostomes that have 4 common features 1. notochord 2. dorsal, hollow nerve chord 3. pharyngeal slits 4. postanal tail |
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Term
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Definition
| flexible rod between the gut and nerve chord of a chordate |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the four characteristics of chordates, muscular end of the chordate |
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Term
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Definition
| parallel openings in the throat of a chordate |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in the allele frequencies of a population over time |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in the allele frequencies of a population over time |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, |
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Definition
| If allele frequencies aren’t changing (no evolution), HW will accurately predict the allele frequencies & genotypes of a population from one gene to the next. |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanisms of geologic change are constant over time, the same mechanisms that existed long ago exist today |
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Term
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Definition
| inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival & reproduction in specific environments |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals with certain inherited traits will reproduce more, changes allele frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| group of organisms of one species, living in a certain area |
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Term
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Definition
| exists among individuals in a group, not all individuals are the same |
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Term
| differential reproduction |
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Definition
| not all will survive to reproduce- some variations give individuals a high probability of reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| those traits that allowed some to survive will be passed down |
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Term
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Definition
| one of two forms of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ndividuals mate more with close neighbors, inbreeding, sexual selelction(type of natural selection) leads to sexual dimorphism, many secondary sexual features don’t seem to be adaptive. |
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Term
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Definition
| random change in DNA- result from cellular errors or damage, rare, most often harmful, sournce of new genetic variation |
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Term
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Definition
| random change in allele frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| gain or loss of alleles due to migration of fertile individuals between populations |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristics of the same origin, common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| look, form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| remnants of features that served important functions in the organisms ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| change below species level |
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Term
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Definition
| change above the species level, series of micro-evolutionary events |
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Term
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Definition
| preferential mating with individuals with certain traits |
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Term
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Definition
| change over time, different pressures that favor different traits |
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Term
| biological species concept, |
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Definition
| a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature & produce viable fertile offspring (requires reproductive isolation) |
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Term
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Definition
| impediments to mating or fertilization, or survival |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent mating or fertilization [habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation] |
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Term
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Definition
| hybrid zygote> cant survive or reproduce [reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown] |
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Term
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Definition
| geographic barriers isolate populations, different lands |
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Term
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Definition
| intrinsic factors alter gene flow, living in same land, chromosome changes in plants/ non-random mating in animals |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosome duplications, diploid parent produces a diploid and haploid offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| far from each other, planes vs mountains, can’t be a species |
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Term
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Definition
| evolutionary history of a group |
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Term
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Definition
| depicts hypotheses about evolutionary history |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| monophyletic group consisting of an ancestral species and ALL their descents |
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Term
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Definition
| clade, common ancestor and ALL their descents |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| become increasing different over time, homologous structures (whale, human) |
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Term
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Definition
| become increasing similar over time, common traits from environment not ancestors, analogous structures |
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Term
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Definition
| look similar but didn’t evolve from a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| similar because of common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| over time more mutations occur |
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Term
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Definition
| last universal common ancestors |
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Term
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Definition
| non-living synthesis of small organic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid-filled vesicles with a membrane like structure |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic material with catalytic ability> solution to DNA need proteins to form & proteins need DNA to form |
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Term
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Definition
| Protocells carried RNA able to store genetic info AND self replicate |
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Term
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Definition
| no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, single celled organism |
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Term
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Definition
| half of prokaryotes are capable of directional movement (flagella) |
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Term
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Definition
| make identical copies, short generation time, rapid reprod in favorable environ |
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Term
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Definition
| Share genetic information w/o mating |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| require inorganic carbon source (CO2) |
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Term
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Definition
| require organic carbon sources (glucose) |
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Term
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Definition
| filled oceans with O2, formed ozone layer, enabled life on Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| O2 is toxis and mass extinction of many species, only resistant survival |
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Term
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Definition
| absolute ages found, a parent isotope decays into a daughter isotope at a constant rate |
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Term
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Definition
| reveal the “relative” ages of fossils |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| plates float on mantle- inner Earth’s heat causes the movement |
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Term
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Definition
| can come from competition & the appearance of new traits |
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Term
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Definition
| the rapid evolution of many new species that fill various roles in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| change happens rapidly by interrupting long periods of no change |
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Term
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Definition
| include the vast majority of the prokaryotes we know, peptidoglycan in cell wall, flagella grows by adding subunits to tip |
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Term
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Definition
| cell walls LACK peptigoglyan, flagella add subunits to the base |
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Term
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Definition
| have nucleus, membrane bound organelles, endosymbiotic orgin |
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Term
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Definition
| live in extreme environments |
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Term
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Definition
| have nucleus, mem bound organelles, endosymbiotic orgin |
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Term
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Definition
| chloroplast evolution, photosynthetic prokaryote>plasid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| used for movemovie coats outer surface |
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Term
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Definition
fake foot, eextensions
alien movie thing |
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Term
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Definition
| binary fission, multiple fission, budding, formation of spores |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| alternation of generations, |
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Definition
| both sexual and asexual stages, alternate between haploid and diploid forms |
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Term
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Definition
| haploid, produces haploid gametes (n) |
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Term
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Definition
| diploid, produces haploid spores (n) |
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Definition
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