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Bio Final
Test
53
Biology
Undergraduate 4
12/07/2013

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
evolution
Definition
change in the allele frequencies in a population
Term
mutation
Definition
direct change in the DNA of an individual
Term
genetic drift
Definition
random change in the allele frequencies in a population
Term
Founder effect
Definition
founding members of a new population have different allele frequencies than the original source population
Term
bottleneck effect
Definition
famine, disease, or rapid environmental change may cause the deaths of a large proportion of the individuals in a population
Term
migration (gene flow)
Definition
is the movement of some individuals of a species from one established population to another. Influenced by mobility of organism and presence of barriers.
Term
natural selection
Definition
individuals with one version of the trait must produce more offspring than those with a different version of the trait
Term
Differential reproductive success
Definition
-more organisms are born then can survive
-organisms are continually struggling for existence
-some organisms are more likely to win this struggle and survive and produce
Term
Fitness
Definition
a measure of the relative amount of reproduction of an individual with a particular phenotype
-alleles carried by an individual with high fitness will increase in a population over time
Term
Factors that prevent "perfect" evolution
Definition
Environments change quickly, all possible alleles are not produced by mutation, there may be multiple different alleles for a trait, each causing equal fitness
Term
Five lines of evidence for the theory of evolution
Definition
fossil record, bio-geography,comparative anatomy and embryology, molecular biology, labratory and field experiments
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
different starting materials come to perform the same function
Term
molecular biology
Definition
DNA similarities and differences
Term
behavior
Definition
any and all actions performed by an organism
Term
Innate Behavior
Definition
-don't require environmental input to develop
-present in all individuals in a population, do not vary
Term
Learned Behavior:
Definition
Behaviors are altered and modified over time from previous experiments
Term
reciprocal altruism
Definition
kindness towards unrelated individuals
Term
tactics for getting a mate
Definition
courtship rituals, gifts up front, control of valuable resources, good looks
Term
tactics for keeping a mate
Definition
mate guarding
Term
Sexual Dimorphism
Definition
-one parent invests more in caring for the offspring
-mating system tends toward polygamy
-males compete for access to mating opportunities
Term
sexual monomorphism
Definition
-both parents invest in caring for the offspring
-mating system tends toward monogamy
-both sexes are equally choosy when selecting a mate
Term
species
Definition
populations of organisms that interbreed with each other in natural conditions
Term
prezygotic barriers
Definition
-individuals are physically unable to mate
-behaviorally unable to mate
-male's reproductive cell unable to fertilize female
Term
gametic isolation
Definition
sperm and egg do not attract
Term
mechanical isolation
Definition
bees, humminbirds pollinating flowers
Term
macroevolution
Definition
evolution above the species level
Term
punctuated equilibrium
Definition
fossil record reveals rapid periods of evolutionary change punctuated by longer periods with little change
Term
gradual change
Definition
species may change at a more gradual, but consistent, pace
Term
mass extinction event
Definition
with their competition suddenly eliminated, remaining species can rapidly diversify
Term
colonization event
Definition
moving to a new location with new resources ( and possibly fewer competitors) species can rapidly diversify
Term
Evolutionary Innovations
Definition
with the evolution of an innovative feature that increases fitness, a species can rapidly diversify
Term
populations
Definition
individuals of the same species in a given area
Term
communities
Definition
populations of all species in a habitat
Term
ecosystems
Definition
all organisms plus the physical environment
Term
population ecology
Definition
size, growth rate, life history
Term
density-dependant factors
Definition
limitations on a populations growth that are a consequence of the population density ex. food supply, habitat, parasite and disease risk, predation risk
Term
density independent
Definition
limitations on a population's growth w/out regard for the population size, increasing the death rate or decreasing the number and rate of offspring produced ex. floods, fires, earthquakes
Term
logistic growth
Definition
growth that is gradually reduced as the population nears its carrying capacity
Term
big-bang reproduction
Definition
-reaches sexual maturity at one year
-mates intensely over a three-weak period
-males die shortly after mating period
-females die after weaning their first litter
Term
cohorts
Definition
age groupings
Term
Niche
Definition
-space an organism requires
-type and amount of food an organism utilizes
-timing of an organisms reproduction
-organisms temperature and moisture requirements and other necessary living conditions
Term
competitive exclusion
Definition
one species within the niche utilizes resources more efficiently, driving the other species to local extinction
Term
resource partitioning
Definition
species each alter their use of the niche, dividing the resources
Term
categories of defense against predators
Definition
mechanical, chemical, warning coloration, camouflage, hiding or escaping, alarm calling and fighting back
Term
life dinner hypothesis
Definition
more natural selection for prey than for predator
Term
coevolution
Definition
predators and prey are in an evolutionary arms race
Term
parasites
Definition
predators that benefit from a symbiotic relationship with their hosts
Term
mutualism
Definition
both species interact with a benefit
ex. bee and flower
Term
commensalism
Definition
one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor hurt
Term
succession
Definition
process begins in an area with no life present
Term
secondary succession
Definition
process occurs in an area where life is already present
Term
keystone species
Definition
have a relatively large influence on biodiversity through out the Ecosystem
Term
community instability
Definition
-loss of keystone species, invasive (exotic) species, climate change
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