Term
| Early scientists thought ______ was the cell’s hereditary material because it was more ______ than DNA |
|
Definition
| Early scientists thought protein was the cell’s hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study suggested that DNA was probably the genetic material |
|
|
Term
| Chromosomes are made of both ______ and _____ |
|
Definition
| Chromosomes are made of both DNA and protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proved that DNA was the cell’s genetic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Showed the amounts of the four bases on DNA ( A,T,C,G) |
|
|
Term
_______ must pair with Thymine
Guanine must pair with _______ |
|
Definition
Adenine must pair with Thymine
Guanine must pair with Cytosine |
|
|
Term
| AT CG form what kind of bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Took diffraction x-ray photographs of DNA crystals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Built the first model of DNA using Franklin’s x-rays |
|
|
Term
| Two strands of DNA coiled called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sides of DNA made of
Also known as |
|
Definition
Deoxyribose bonded to phosphate (PO4)
Legs of Ladder |
|
|
Term
Center of DNA made up
Also know as |
|
Definition
Nitrogen bases bonded together by weak hydrogen bonds
Rungs of Ladder |
|
|
Term
| Most DNA has a ____-hand twist with ____ base pairs in a complete turn |
|
Definition
Right hand twist
10 base pairs in completer turn |
|
|
Term
| Hot spots occur where right and left twisted DNA meet producing ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Left twisted DNA is called Z-DNA or _____ DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nucleotides (Make up DNA) made up of
1.
2.
3. |
|
Definition
1.Phosphate group
2.5-carbon sugar
3.Nitrogenous base |
|
|
Term
| How are Carbons numbered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA are known as Antiparallel Strands because if one strand goes from 5' to 3' the other is ______ in direction and goes from ____ to _____ |
|
Definition
| Opposite in direction gores from 3' to 5' |
|
|
Term
How do you tell if the Bases are Purines?
Which are the Purine bases? |
|
Definition
Double Ring
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G) |
|
|
Term
How do you tell if the Bases are Pyrimidines?
Which are the Pyrimidines bases? |
|
Definition
Single Ring
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) |
|
|
Term
| Purines only pair with ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ (#) hydrogen bonds required to bond Guanine & Cytosine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ (#) hydrogen bonds are required to bond Adenine & Thymine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA has to be ______ before a cell divides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA is copied during the ____ or _______ phase of _________ |
|
Definition
| DNA is copied during the S or synthesis phase of interphase |
|
|
Term
| Where does Synthesis take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA replication begins at _____ ___ _______ |
|
Definition
| Begins at Origins of Replication |
|
|
Term
Two strands open forming Replication _____
What happens here? |
|
Definition
Two strands open forming Replication Forks
New strands grow at the forks |
|
|
Term
As the 2 DNA strands open at the origin, _______ Bubbles form.
Prokaryotes (bacteria) have _______ bubble(s)
Eukaryotic chromosomes have ______ bubble(s) |
|
Definition
Replication Bubbles
Prokaryotes (bacteria) have a single bubble
Eukaryotic chromosomes have MANY bubbles |
|
|
Term
| Enzyme ____ ________ unwinds and separates the 2 DNA strands by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Single-Strand Binding Proteins attach and keep the 2 DNA strands _______ and ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Topoisomerase
Not really important |
|
Definition
| Relieves stress on DNA as it separates |
|
|
Term
| Before new DNA strands can form, there must be____ _______ present to start the addition of new nucleotides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA Primer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA polymerase can then add the new ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the _____ end of the DNA
This causes the NEW strand to be built in a ___ to ____ direction |
|
Definition
3'
This causes the NEW strand to be built in a 5’ to 3’ direction |
|
|
Term
| The ______ _____ is synthesized as a single strand from the point of origin toward the opening replication fork |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ _____ is synthesized discontinuously against overall direction of replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This strand is made in MANY short segments It is replicated from the replication fork toward the origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ ________ - series of short segments on the lagging strand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Okazaki Fragments must be joined together by __ _______ called ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DNA polymerase initially makes about 1 in _______ base pairing errors
______ proofread and correct these mistakes
The new error rate for DNA that has been proofread is 1 in ___ ______ base pairing errors |
|
Definition
10,000
Enzymes proofread and correct these mistakes
The new error rate for DNA that has been proofread is 1 in 1 billion base pairing errors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| New DNA consists of 1 PARENTAL (original) and 1 NEW strand of DNA |
|
|
Term
| What characteristics makes something a "living thing"? |
|
Definition
Cells
Organization
Energy/Metabolism
Growth
Development
Reproduction
Display Heredity
Maintain Homeostasis
Response to their environment
Evolve and Adapt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The group in which you do not know what will happen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The group in which you know what will happen |
|
|
Term
| Dependent Variable (Where would you put it on a graph) |
|
Definition
The thing you are counting
Y Axis |
|
|
Term
| Independent Variable (Where would you put it on a graph) |
|
Definition
What you change between the control and experimental groups
X Axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A particle having partial positive and partial negative charges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of energy required to heat an object |
|
|
Term
| Three types of organic molecules (Nutrient) |
|
Definition
| Proteins, Carbs, and Lipids |
|
|
Term
Proteins
Subunit
Function
Elements always present |
|
Definition
Amino Acid
Cellular machines, engines, & buildings
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen |
|
|
Term
Carbs
Subunit
Function
Elements always present |
|
Definition
Monosaccharides or Sugars
Short-term energy storage
Hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen |
|
|
Term
Lipids
Subunit
Function
Elements always present |
|
Definition
fatty acids and glycerol
Stores Energy & Keeps animals warm and repel water
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What is a dehydration synthesis (condensation) reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a hydrolysis reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List several characteristics of enzymes |
|
Definition
| Proteins, large, have active site, catalysts, denature at certain PHs |
|
|
Term
| How do you name an enzyme? |
|
Definition
Take off ending and add -ase
Example
Sucrose=Sucrase |
|
|
Term
| How do organelles exhibit "division of labor" |
|
Definition
| Organelles in cells have different jobs |
|
|
Term
| Four structural differences between plant and animal cells |
|
Definition
| Cell wall, centriole, central vacuole, chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by cell specialization? |
|
Definition
| Different cells have different functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inner membrane folds into the cavity creates coin. Inside of which considered mitochondrial matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Light Dependent Reaction formula
Which are energized?
Which are used in Dark Reactions |
|
Definition
Light Energy + Lots ADP + Lots Pi + Lots NADP+ + Lots H20 =
Lots O2 + Lots H+ + Lots ATP +Lots NADPH
Light energy, ATP, NADPH are energized
ATP and NADPH used in dark |
|
|
Term
| What is ironic about the name dark reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Light independent reaction formula |
|
Definition
6 CO2 + Lots ATP + Lots NADPH =
C6H12O6 + Lots ADP + Lots Pi + Lots NADP+ |
|
|
Term
What does Chlorophyll a absorb?
Reflect?
Located? |
|
Definition
Absorbs blue-violet and red
Green
P680 |
|
|
Term
What does Chlorophyll b absorb?
Reflect? |
|
Definition
Absorbs blue-violet and red-orange
Green |
|
|
Term
What do Carotenoids absorb?
Reflect?
What is Xanthophyll |
|
Definition
Absorbs blue-violet and blue-green
Red, orange, and yellow
Type of carotenoid with oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What type of macromolecule contains Chlorophyll a,b and carotenoids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accessory & antenna pigments |
|
Definition
| Other pigments that absorb light besides Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of pigments that work together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of making ATP using light energy |
|
|
Term
| Light hits ______ which send ______ to other _______ |
|
Definition
| Light hits pigments which send energy to other pigments |
|
|
Term
| The light ______ ends at the _____ ______ _______ which sends an _____ to the _____ acceptor |
|
Definition
| The light energy ends at the Reaction center Chlorophyll which sends an electron to the electron acceptor |
|
|
Term
Function of Light Reactions
Location too |
|
Definition
Absorb light energy & make ATP & NADPH
Membrane of thylakoid |
|
|
Term
| The names 680 & 700 actually stand for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the electron donor in light reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two other names for PSII
What step is it in light reaction? |
|
Definition
Photosystem 2 or P680
Step 1 |
|
|
Term
Two other names for PSI
What step is it in light reaction? |
|
Definition
Photosystem 1 or P700
Step 3 |
|
|
Term
| What step occurs between PSII and PSI in light reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What step in light reaction is NADP Reductase and what does it do? |
|
Definition
Step 4
Passes new NADPH?
Takes NADP+ to dark reactions & puts e- on it |
|
|
Term
| Which end products from the light reactions are used in the dark reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During light reactions, hydrogens move from ______ to _______ |
|
Definition
Stroma to lumen
Wouldn't worry too much about this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to process where hydrogens are pumped & the ATP are made |
|
|
Term
| Reactants of Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle) |
|
Definition
NEED LIGHT
3 RuBP + 3CO2 + 9 ATP + 6NADPH |
|
|
Term
| How many RuBP for one glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Products of Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle) |
|
Definition
| 1 G3P + 6NADP+ + 9 Pi + 9ADP |
|
|
Term
| How many of the _G3P per one ____ are used to make a ____? |
|
Definition
6G3P per one CO2 are used to make a sugar
1G3P used to make one sugar |
|
|
Term
Three phases of Calvin Cycle?
1.
2.
3. |
|
Definition
1. Carbon Fixation
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP) |
|
|
Term
| Function and Location of the Dark Reactions |
|
Definition
To Produce G3P
Stroma of chloroplast |
|
|
Term
| What is recycled from the Calvin Cycle |
|
Definition
| 3 RuBP (Ribulose bisphosphate) |
|
|
Term
How many CO2 molecules are used in Calvin?
How many at one time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _CO2 from 1____ so, 6____ for 1_____ |
|
Definition
| 3 CO2 from 1G3P so, 6CO2 for Glucose |
|
|
Term
| Chemical formula for C3 carbon fixation |
|
Definition
ATP + CO2 + NADPH =
NADP+ + ADP + Pi + G3P |
|
|
Term
| Photorespiration occurs wherever there is ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical formula for Photorespiration |
|
Definition
ATP + NADPH + O2 =
CO2 + NADP+ + ADP + Pi |
|
|
Term
| Why is photorespiration a problem for plants? |
|
Definition
It is a waste of energy.
It wastes energy by not producing a cycle |
|
|
Term
| What conditions would encourage photorespiration to occur? |
|
Definition
| When low CO2 & high levels of O2 are around, Rubisco uses O2 to stick on Carbon atoms & it froms CO2 instead of G3P |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Holes in bottom of leaf that control levels of O2, H20, and CO2 allowed in cell. They enter by diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Open and Close the Stromate/Stoma |
|
|
Term
| Problem with The Stomate in which the solution is to open to stomate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Problem with The Stomate in which the solution is to close to stomate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the Stomate when the O2 builds up during Light Reactions? |
|
Definition
| Opens releasing O2 BUT H2O can escape too, dehydrating the plant |
|
|
Term
| What does closing the Stomate do? |
|
Definition
| Protection from dehydration to keep H2O vapor in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sugar cane, certain grasses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is unique to C4 plants
What do they do? |
|
Definition
Bundle-sheath cells
Store oxaloacetate |
|
|
Term
| What does the PEP carboxylate do? |
|
Definition
| "Escorts" CO2 to Rubisco & prevents O2 from getting to Rubisco |
|
|
Term
| The CAM Plants ___ do Calvin at Night |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CAM plants ____ stomates at ____ when its ____, however ____ doesn't ______. They store CO2 in ______ |
|
Definition
| CAM plants open stomates at night when its cool, however H2O doesn't evaporate. They store CO2 in malicacid |
|
|
Term
| CAM plants _____ stomates at ______ and use _____ to have ____ in order to do _____ _____ |
|
Definition
| CAM plants close stomates during day and use malicacid to have CO2 in order to do Calvin Cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Convert sunlight energy into ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Other feeding such as eating |
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotic chromosomes are _____ and ________ with proteins and ______ folded |
|
Definition
| Linear and Covered with proteins and Highly folded |
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotic chromosomes are _____ and ________ with proteins and ______ folded |
|
Definition
| Prokaryotic chromosomes are circular and don't have proteins and not highly folded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Center circle thing of chromosome |
|
|
Term
| 2 sister chromatids make up _____ chromosome(s) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A chromosome with four arms is actually ___ chromosome(s) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When bacteria have ______ chromosomes it is almost always a ______ thing. It ______ them to do things they couldn't before |
|
Definition
| Extra chromosomes it is almost always a good thing. It enables them to do things they couldn't before |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria process called _______ |
|
Definition
Conjugation
Fucking Boswell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extra chromosomes in bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria arm that sticks to other bacteria |
|
|
Term
Haploid= _ of each of chromosome
Diploid= _ of each of chromosome
Triploid= _ of each of chromosome
________= 4 of each of chromosome |
|
Definition
Haploid= 1 of each of chromosome
Diploid= 2 of each of chromosome
Triploid= 3 of each of chromosome
Tetraloid= 4 of each of chromosome |
|
|
Term
| Chromosomes are usually found as ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Really similar/ Matching pair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Set of instructions to build one protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All chromosomes have ___ genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ & ______ only haploid cells in humans |
|
Definition
| Sperm & eggs only haploids |
|
|
Term
Humans have _____ pairs chromosomes SO
Humans have _____ total chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Haploid number in humans
Diploid number in humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Everything that is not CELL? or egg
Diploid in humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Picture with all of the chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Everything besides sex chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An extra chromosome in EVERY pair. Impossible in humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An extra chromosome in ONE pair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Downs Syndrome, extra chromosome 21 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The wrong number of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A missing chromosome in ONE pair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 Xs and a Y specific to boys. Trisomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Only monosomy that can survive.
2% survival rate.
Specific to girls.
Monsomy |
|
|
Term
3 steps of Interphase with #4 being another path
1.
2.
3.
4. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What has to be done to produce identical cells
1.
2.
3. |
|
Definition
Replication of DNA
Move the DNA copies away from each other
Divide the cytoplasm by producing a wall or membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gap One
Where cells growing replicating organelles and taking in food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synthesis Phase
Where DNA in replicated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gap Two
Reproduce/Replicate Chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Divide DNA and their chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Before meiosis begins, genetic material is duplicated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
I Chiasmata break apart and sister chromatids begin migrating toward opposite poles.
II CHROMATIDS separate and begin moving to the poles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
I CLEAVAGE FURROW forms beginning the process of CYTOKINESIS (cell division). Resulting daughter cells are HAPLOID
II CLEAVAGE FURROW forms beginning CYTOKINESIS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
I SPINDLE FIBERS attach to each dyad. Tension from spindle fibers aligns the tetrads at the cell equator.
II Tension from spindle fibers aligns chromosomes at the metaphase plate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
I Dyad pairs align to create "TETRADS", non-sister chromatids connect and trade sections at a "CHIASMA", a process called "CROSSING OVER".
II Spindle formation begins and centrosomes begin moving toward poles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When two complete daughter cells form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the chromosomes stick together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Simple replicated chromosome
Chromosome with 2 sister chromatids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 Chromosomes stuck together
Pair of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the chromosomes trade pieces |
|
|
Term
| Law of independent assortment |
|
Definition
| Chromosomes line up independently within each pair. Random placement of chromosomes within a pair |
|
|
Term
| In meiosis, you start with ___ ______ cell and end with _____ ___-____ _____ cells |
|
Definition
| In meiosis, you start with one diploid cell and end with four non-identical haploid cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups of microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A specialized region on the centromere of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groove formed in cell membrane as the cell contractile ring tightens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disc like structure on equator of the spindle |
|
|
Term
| If a pair fails to disjoin in meiosis 2 it can lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Crossing over between non-homologous chromosomes
Can cause down syndrome when chromosome 21 attaches to chromosome 14 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reverses or changes gene order
Can be harmless or can cause infertility or sterility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Segment missing
Small deletion on X chromosome can cause color-blindness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Extra section of chromosome
Can cause Huntington's disease and Fragile X syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When you and your twin fuse so some of your cells/ chromosomes can be the twins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells grow out of control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If turned off, promotes cell division and cell growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If turned on too much, promotes cell division and cell growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Usually have to mutate more then one gene to cause cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the chromsome inverses with changing the centromere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a chromosome inverses without changing the centromere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diploid number is the total number of CHROMOSOMES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monosomy 23/Missing a sex chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Before meiosis begins, genetic material is duplicated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
I Chiasmata break apart and sister chromatids begin migrating toward opposite poles.
II CHROMATIDS separate and begin moving to the poles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
I CLEAVAGE FURROW forms beginning the process of CYTOKINESIS (cell division). Resulting daughter cells are HAPLOID
II CLEAVAGE FURROW forms beginning CYTOKINESIS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
I SPINDLE FIBERS attach to each dyad. Tension from spindle fibers aligns the tetrads at the cell equator.
II Tension from spindle fibers aligns chromosomes at the metaphase plate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
I Dyad pairs align to create "TETRADS", non-sister chromatids connect and trade sections at a "CHIASMA", a process called "CROSSING OVER".
II Spindle formation begins and centrosomes begin moving toward poles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When two complete daughter cells form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the chromosomes stick together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Simple replicated chromosome
Chromosome with 2 sister chromatids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 Chromosomes stuck together
Pair of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the chromosomes trade pieces |
|
|
Term
| Law of independent assortment |
|
Definition
| Chromosomes line up independently within each pair. Random placement of chromosomes within a pair |
|
|
Term
| In meiosis, you start with ___ ______ cell and end with _____ ___-____ _____ cells |
|
Definition
| In meiosis, you start with one diploid cell and end with four non-identical haploid cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fossilization is ____ so the ____ _____ is incomplete |
|
Definition
| Fossilization is rare, so the “fossil record” is incomplete. It does not give a fair account of what lived in the past, |
|
|
Term
Comparitive Anatomy is in
1.
2.
3. |
|
Definition
| Homology and Analogy and Vestigial Structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anatomically similar structures in unrelated species that look similar because perform same structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structures that over time become so small that they serve little purpose |
|
|
Term
Lamarck believed in
Explain |
|
Definition
Acquired Traits
“if an organism had a need for a variation, (for example, because it needed to change its feeding habits), then the variation would come about and the organism would develop new structures DURING ITS LIFETIME. The organism could then pass these acquired characteristics onto its offspring. |
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Term
Darwin believed in
Explain |
|
Definition
Natural Selection
‘Those individuals with the variations for traits adaptive for their environment have a better chance of surviving and, thus, leave more offspring. Because variations can be inherited, many offspring will have those same traits. Organisms lacking those variations are less likely to survive and tend to leave fewer offspring. Over time, the population consists only of adapted organisms.’ |
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Term
Gradualism
or
Gradualism Equilibrium |
|
Definition
Selection and variation that happens more gradually
Change is slow, constant, and consistent
Occurs over a long time |
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Term
|
Definition
Change comes in spurts
Period of very little change
Any sudden change in a species and can also be the result of changes in the environment |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population |
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Term
|
Definition
| In each generation, some individuals may, just by chance, leave behind a few more descendents (and genes, of course!) than other individuals. The genes of the next generation will be the genes of the “lucky” individuals, not necessarily the healthier or “better” individuals. That, in a nutshell, is genetic drift. It happens to ALL populations—there’s no avoiding the vagaries of chance. |
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Term
|
Definition
Products of evolution by natural selection.
Variations which have been favorable and passed on |
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Term
|
Definition
| -physical features of an organism like the bill on a bird or the fur on a bear. |
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Term
|
Definition
Things organisms do to survive
Bird migration
Marking territory
Mating dances |
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Term
| Physiological or chemical Afdaptations |
|
Definition
a bodily or cellular process, like the production of a protein or chemical that aides the organism somehow.
Enzymes needed for digestion,
Blood clotting factors
Ink of an Octopus
Venom of a snake |
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Term
|
Definition
Example
One butterfly which tastes delicious changes itself to look like the butterfly that tastes bad |
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Term
|
Definition
The development of a new species
Group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Geographic Isolation of a small population from parent species
mountains, rivers, changing landscape (Glacier)
2. Reproductive Barriers
- timing (breeding seasons), behaviors, developmental issues |
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Term
|
Definition
Adaptive Radiation: divergent evolution and adaptation of a species over time in response to new environment
This is what happened with finches |
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Term
|
Definition
Species that are not closely related evolve similar traits and share a similar environment
Ex. The shark is a fish
The Dolphin is a mammal |
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Term
|
Definition
The first taxonomist
Divided organisms into plants & animals
Subdivided them by where they live |
|
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Term
| Linnaeus was called "Father of Taxonomy" but what did he invent |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. ______ is used for plants. |
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Definition
| Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Division is used for plants. |
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|
Term
Classification categories
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. |
|
Definition
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Dear King Phil, cool observant females = good sex |
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Term
|
Definition
| are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Protists, fungi, plantae, animalia |
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Term
|
Definition
| are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Live in harsh environments, 1st cells to survive |
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Term
|
Definition
May cause disease
Found in all environments besides harsh ones
Commercially important in making yogurt
Decomposers |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Evolution: all of the changes that have transformed life over an immense time |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A change in the “gene pool” of a population of organisms
A change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population of organisms
Evolution on a “small” scale |
|
|
Term
| Smallest group evolution can occur in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gene pool: the sum of all the individual genes in a given population of organisms
Where all of the variation is “stored”! |
|
|
Term
| What can cause the gene pool to change? |
|
Definition
What can cause the gene pool to change?
Sexual recombination
Through a whole bunch of methods…
Mutations |
|
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Term
|
Definition
p + q =1
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 |
|
|
Term
| Evidence for Evolution; Fossil Record |
|
Definition
Evidence based on fossils found
Based on time they lived and bones |
|
|
Term
| Evidence for Evolution; Geographic Distribution |
|
Definition
| Basically survival of the fittest ish |
|
|
Term
Evidence for Evolution; Similarities in Structure
1.
2. |
|
Definition
Homologous Structures -Similar bones in all the same pattern and arrangement, different functions
Vestigial Structure |
|
|
Term
| Evidence for Evolution; Similarities in Development |
|
Definition
| Similarities in the Embryos of things developing |
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|
Term
| Evidence for Evolution; Molecular Biology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Symmetry with spokes coming out of the middle like a big wheel or starfish |
|
|
Term
| When writing binomial nomenclature you: |
|
Definition
Italics
First uppercase
Second lowercase |
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotic chromosomes are _____ and ________ with proteins and ______ folded |
|
Definition
| Linear and Covered with proteins and Highly folded |
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotic chromosomes are _____ and ________ with proteins and ______ folded |
|
Definition
| Prokaryotic chromosomes are circular and don't have proteins and not highly folded |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Center circle thing of chromosome |
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Term
| 2 sister chromatids make up _____ chromosome(s) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A chromosome with four arms is actually ___ chromosome(s) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When bacteria have ______ chromosomes it is almost always a ______ thing. It ______ them to do things they couldn't before |
|
Definition
| Extra chromosomes it is almost always a good thing. It enables them to do things they couldn't before |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria process called _______ |
|
Definition
Conjugation
Fucking Boswell |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Extra chromosomes in bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria arm that sticks to other bacteria |
|
|
Term
Haploid= _ of each of chromosome
Diploid= _ of each of chromosome
Triploid= _ of each of chromosome
________= 4 of each of chromosome |
|
Definition
Haploid= 1 of each of chromosome
Diploid= 2 of each of chromosome
Triploid= 3 of each of chromosome
Tetraloid= 4 of each of chromosome |
|
|
Term
| Chromosomes are usually found as ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Really similar/ Matching pair |
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Term
|
Definition
| Set of instructions to build one protein |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All chromosomes have ___ genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ & ______ only haploid cells in humans |
|
Definition
| Sperm & eggs only haploids |
|
|
Term
Humans have _____ pairs chromosomes SO
Humans have _____ total chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Haploid number in humans
Diploid number in humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Everything that is not CELL? or egg
Diploid in humans |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Picture with all of the chromosomes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Everything besides sex chromosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| An extra chromosome in EVERY pair. Impossible in humans |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An extra chromosome in ONE pair |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Downs Syndrome, extra chromosome 21 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The wrong number of chromosomes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A missing chromosome in ONE pair |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 Xs and a Y specific to boys. Trisomy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Only monosomy that can survive.
2% survival rate.
Specific to girls.
Monsomy |
|
|
Term
3 steps of Interphase with #4 being another path
1.
2.
3.
4. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What has to be done to produce identical cells
1.
2.
3. |
|
Definition
Replication of DNA
Move the DNA copies away from each other
Divide the cytoplasm by producing a wall or membrane |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Gap One
Where cells growing replicating organelles and taking in food |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Synthesis Phase
Where DNA in replicated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gap Two
Reproduce/Replicate Chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Divide DNA and their chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis is the _____ phase of ____ _____ |
|
Definition
| 1st phase of aerobic respiration |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Process that partially breaks down glucose and harvests some of its energy |
|
|
Term
| Where does Glycolysis occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organisms does Glycolysis take place in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Beginning equation of Glycolysis
Net gain of ATP in Glycolysis
Resulting equation of Glycolysis |
|
Definition
Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP + 4Pi
Net gain of 2 ATP
2 pyruvates + 2 ADP + 2Pi + 4 ATP + 2NADH |
|
|
Term
Step 1 of Glycolysis is called
And define |
|
Definition
Energy investment step
ATPs provide enough energy for whole reaction |
|
|
Term
Why would delta G be negative in Glycolysis?
Why positive? |
|
Definition
Negative if ATP is broken down
Positive if ATP is built, besides when 1,3 -Bisphosphoglycerate because it is unstable |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
|
|
Term
| After glucose and before pyruvate in Glycolysis everything is considered an ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Three irreversible Reactions
1.
3.
10.
why random numbers?
what do they all have in common |
|
Definition
1. hexokinase
3. phosphofructokinase
10. pyruvate kinase
numbers are what step
very negative delta G |
|
|
Term
| Why are the three irreversible Glycolysis reactions irreversible |
|
Definition
| Because them backwards would have a very high delta G |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibitor for the 3rd step. Feed back inhibition |
|
|
Term
ADP- Hard to say what the three are
1. _____ signals
2. _____ of this = ______ of ______
3. Activator of ________ |
|
Definition
1. Hunger
2. Alot of this = a lot of ATP
3. phosphofructokinase |
|
|
Term
Aresenate
What does it affect?
What does that ^ cause? |
|
Definition
Affects GAP dehydrogenase
Prevents Phosphate from being added to sugar |
|
|
Term
Iodoacetate
What does it affect?
What does that ^ cause? |
|
Definition
Affects GAP dehydrogenase
Covalently binds to active site of enzyme |
|
|
Term
Fluoride ion
What does it affect?
What does that ^ cause? |
|
Definition
Affects Enolase
Sticks to Mg+2 ion at active site and blocks substrate from entering |
|
|
Term
| Where does fermentation take place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fermentation Reaction
and why |
|
Definition
Reaction to recycle NADH to NAD+ in the absence of oxygen
So you can still do glycolosis |
|
|
Term
Three steps of Aerobic Respiration
1.
2. Two parts technically
3. |
|
Definition
1. Glycolosis
2. Link/Transition Phase & Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
Reactants of Link/Transition Phase
1.
2.
3. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Products of Link/Transition Phase
1.
2.
3. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reactants of Krebs Cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
And what to remember about them |
|
Definition
Acetyl CoA
3NAD+
ADP + P
FAD
Since Glycolosis produces two pyruvates, they are technically doubled |
|
|
Term
Products of of Krebs Cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
And what to remember about them
and where is energy stored? |
|
Definition
2 CO2
ATP- I think Energy Stored
3 NADH-Energy Stored
FADH2-Energy Stored
Coenzyme A
Since Glycolosis produces two pyruvates, they are technically doubled |
|
|
Term
| 4 Carbon molecule, last molecule in Krebs cycle before it repeats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 6 Carbon molecule, first molecule of Krebs cycle after CO2+CoA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Concentration gradient potential energy
Used in? |
|
Definition
| (Used in Secondary Active Transport) Energy due to concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
Chemical energy
Where is energy stored?
What two groups of bonds? |
|
Definition
Carbon-Carbon bonds
High energy phosphate-phosphate bonds
Energy stored in bonds |
|
|
Term
| Photosynthesis chemical formula |
|
Definition
| Sun energy + 6H20 + 6 CO2 = C6H12O6 + 6O2 (Chemical energy) |
|
|
Term
| Respiration chemical formula |
|
Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6H20 + 6 CO2 + Chemical Energy (in form of ATP) |
|
|
Term
Anabolic Reactions
Two Examples
Define |
|
Definition
Photosynthesis, Condensation
Builds something up & Requires energy |
|
|
Term
Catabolic Reactions
Two Examples
Define |
|
Definition
Respiration, Hydrolysis
Break something down & Releases Energy |
|
|
Term
| First Law of Thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| Law of Conservation of Energy |
|
|
Term
| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
|
Definition
Free energy is the energy available to do work
Always decreasing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measure of disorder. Always increasing in a closed system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change from stable to unstable for a change to occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy required to get the reactants into an unstable transition state |
|
|
Term
| ATP macromolecule category & Type |
|
Definition
Nucleic Acid
RNA Nucleotide |
|
|
Term
| Substrate Level Phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| Take phosphate off ATP & put onto something else to give it energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy is transferred from one side of the reaction to the other. |
|
|
Term
| Extra hydrogens equals ____ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another type of electron carrier besides NAD+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The place on an enzyme where a molecule that is not a substrate may bind, thus changing the shape of the enzyme and influencing its ability to be active. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Permanently destroys enzyme, not common in cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules that bond to allosteric sites and support the binding of the substrate at the active site |
|
|
Term
| H2O2 + Sand rate= Enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Liver + H202 rate = Enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potato+ H202 rate = Enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Liver enzyme is reusable ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crushed Liver Rate High or Low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uncrushed Liver Rate High or Low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crushed Potato Rate High or Low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uncrushed Potato Rate High or Low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does crushed = Higher rate? |
|
Definition
| More room for molecules to reach enzymes? |
|
|
Term
| More Particles = ____ rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Liver + H202(boiled) Rate? Why? |
|
Definition
Rate:1 Almost no activity
Ice & Heat denature enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Liver + H202(Ice Water) Rate? Why? |
|
Definition
Rate: 2 Moderate gas production
Ice & Heat denature enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Liver + H202( 27o C water) Rate? Why? |
|
Definition
Rate: 3 Rapid gas production
Ice & Heat denature enzymes, so room temperature is good for enzymes |
|
|
Term
Liver + H202 + Water Rate? Why?
pH? |
|
Definition
Rate: 4
pH: 7
Enzymes work better at neutral or basic pH |
|
|
Term
Liver + H202 + HCl Rate? Why?
pH? |
|
Definition
Rate: 1
pH: 1
The low pH denatured the enzyme |
|
|
Term
Liver + H202 + NaOH Rate? Why?
pH? |
|
Definition
Rate: 3
pH: 12
Enzymes work better at neutral or basic pH |
|
|
Term
| What gas made the match "pop" |
|
Definition
| H2 gas should have made the pop sound |
|
|
Term
| What gas caused the to splint relight |
|
Definition
| The O2 gas made splint relight |
|
|
Term
| What was the remaining liquid in crazy experiment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Test G, Crazy one haha rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. |
|
|
Term
| Difference between catalyst and enzyme |
|
Definition
An inorganic catalyst requires very high temperature to impart an effect
An enzyme lowers activation energy and works mostly at room temperature.
Not all catalysts are enzymes, because all enzymes are proteins whereas not all catalysts are proteins.
All enzymes are catalysts. |
|
|
Term
Enzyme catalase change hydrogen peroxide into non-poisonous solution?
If so, what solutions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Very small. Surface Area to Volume Rule |
|
|
Term
| Surface Area to Volume Rule |
|
Definition
Cells maximize the SA:V ratio so they can efficiently transport materials in & out
Higher SA & Lower V=Easier to move things in and out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
General Idea accepted to be true based on evidence
All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic of structure and function in organisms
All cells come from pre-existing cells |
|
|
Term
| Example of Prokaryotic Cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of Eukarotic Cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Components all Cells have
1.
2.
3. |
|
Definition
Cell membrane/ Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
DNA |
|
|
Term
Prokaryotic Cells
Nucleus?
Nuceoid Region?
Membrane bound organelles?
Single Celled? |
|
Definition
No nucleus
Have "nucleoid region"
No membrane bound organelles
Single Celled |
|
|
Term
Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus?
Nuceoid Region?
Membrane bound organelles?
Single Celled? |
|
Definition
Nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Single cell or multicellular
Canalsobe?? |
|
|
Term
Cytoskeleton Define then say what it does
1.
2.
3.
All made up of _____ |
|
Definition
Hold up shape of cell
Microfiloments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules
Proteins |
|
|
Term
| Microfiloments, Intermediate Filaments, Microtubules |
|
Definition
Act as anchors for organelles
Give structure to cells
Help cells move |
|
|
Term
Microtubules
Made up of?
Form?
Help? |
|
Definition
Tubulin Protein
Tracks that organelles can move along
chromosomes move during cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pulls DNA from middle to two sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tail
Help cells move
Can helps move other things for them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tiny hair
Help cells move
Can helps move other things for them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of molecules from area of high concentration to low concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport or movement of molecules that does not need energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Measurement of how concentration of something changes from one place to another.
When there is a difference
Can't be at equilibrium
State |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| State where there is no net movement |
|
|
Term
Diffusion is affected by:
1
2
3 |
|
Definition
Temperature
Size of molecules
The steepness of concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffusion of water ONLY across a membrane |
|
|
Term
Low Solute= ____ Water
High Solute= ____ Water |
|
Definition
Low Solute= High Water
HIgh Solute= Low Water |
|
|
Term
Hypertonic
Higher or Lower? |
|
Definition
When solutions have unequal SOLUTE concentrations
The higher SOLUTE concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When solutions have unequal SOLUTE concentrations
The lower SOLUTE concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If solute concentrations are equal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serves as a protective mechanism that prevents the cell from absorbing too much water and possibly exploding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasmolysis is the process in plant cells where the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water through osmosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Turgor Pressure is the main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells and bacteria cells, determined by the water content of the vacuole, resulting from osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When cells burst from too much water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Same SOLUTE concentration as that of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Double Membrane Organelles
1.
2.
3.
What's special about them? |
|
Definition
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
They all have their own DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Control Center for the Cell that holds the DNA code in the form of chromatin or chromosomes |
|
|
Term
How many chromosomes do human's have
What is the one that makes males, male? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where the ribosome RNAs are made |
|
|
Term
Chloroplast
Found in?
Collects?
Makes? |
|
Definition
Found only in Protists and Plants
Far better at collecting solar energy than any solar cell that humans have invented so far
Makes Glucose using the Sun’s energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The connective, functionally supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stack of "coins" in chloroplast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One "coin" in chloroplast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Folds inside mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitochondrion brakes down parts of _____ to make _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Theory of how eukaryotes arose from prokaryotes
(When the cells like ate the other ones) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a cell membrane closes on itself making a bubble |
|
|
Term
| Single membrane organelles |
|
Definition
Endomembrane/Cytomembrane System
Similar environments to outside cell |
|
|
Term
Rough ER Has? Along the?
Builds?
Modifies?
Folds Called? |
|
Definition
Has ribosomes. Along the cytosolic side of membrane
Membrane
Proteins made by ribosomes
Cisternae |
|
|
Term
| Smooth ER Makes _____ and ______ Stores? Breaks down? Detoxifies? |
|
Definition
Does not have ribosomes
Makes Lipids and hormones
Stores Calcium Ions
Toxins Alcohol |
|
|
Term
Golgi/Golgi bodies
Organizes the _____ and _____ that come from the ___
_____/______s them if needed
_____ them to their destination in _______ |
|
Definition
Organizes proteins and lipids that come to it from the ER’s
Modifies/Labels them if needed
Sends them on their way to their destination in vesicles! |
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Term
|
Definition
| Small membrane “bubbles” that carry materials to their destination. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Small vacuoles store food in plant and animal cells
Plants have a large permanent central vacuole that stores water and ions |
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Term
| Only ______ have large central vacuoles that store water and other nutrients |
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Definition
| Only plants have large central vacuoles that store water and other nutrients |
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|
Term
Secretory Protein's Path
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. |
|
Definition
Info from DNA-
Info in RNA-
Ribsomes make protein
Rough ER modifies proteins
Smooth ER sends protein in vesicle to
Golgi body
Sends vesicle to destination |
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|
Term
Found only in plant cells
1
2
3 |
|
Definition
Cell Walls
Chlorplasts
Central Vacuole |
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|
Term
Found only in animal cells
1.
Define the abbreviated word |
|
Definition
| Centriole/Centrosome/MTOC-microtubule organizing center |
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Term
|
Definition
| Made 1st hand held microscope |
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Term
|
Definition
| Coined the term cells. Made an improved microscope |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Hypothesized that plant cells were independent subunits of the whole plant |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stated both animals and plants are made up of cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells only arise from pre-existing cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Channels in the primary cell in which the cell wall of plants interconnect cell cytoplasm so substances can flow uninterrupted |
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Term
|
Definition
| Link animal epithelial cells lining body cavities and organs to stop fluid from passing between cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Join cells into tissues in locations where they need such as skin and heart |
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Term
|
Definition
| Link to cytoplasm of neighboring cells similar to plamodesmata in plants |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell brings in material from the outside into a vesicle that separates from the cell membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
|
Definition
| Uses receptor to identify the foods it wants to eat |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell that does a lot of eating |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell expels unwanted material from a vesicle that fuses with cell membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| Diffusion that only occurs when there is a helper protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| Channels that molecules move through with no "door" |
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Term
|
Definition
| Provide passageways through the plasma membrane for certain molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| Facilitated diffusion in opposite direction. Needs energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of protein that actively transports materials across a cell membrane that would not otherwise allow this to occur. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carrier that moves only one protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carrier that carries two different things protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carrier that moves two things in opposite directions |
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Term
Sodium potassium pump
Define |
|
Definition
| An active transport mechanism |
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|
Term
| _____ ______ molecules travel easily through membrane |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Passive Transport
Types:1.
2.
3.
Direction
___ Concentration Gradient |
|
Definition
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Diffusion
High----Low
Down concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
Active Transport
Requires?
Type
Direction
___ Concentration Gradient |
|
Definition
ATP
Active Transport
Low----High
Up concentration gradient |
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|
Term
Secondary Active Transport
Depends on ____ ______ that is already ____ _____ |
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Definition
| Depends on Active Transport that is already using ATP |
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|
Term
| Lipids with saturated fatty acids makes membrane _____ ______. Causing ____ to flow______ |
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Definition
| Lipids with saturated fatty acids makes membrane less fluid. Causing things to flow less |
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|
Term
| Lipids with unsaturated fatty acids makes membrane ____ ______. Causing ____ to flow____ |
|
Definition
| Lipids with unsaturated fatty acids makes membrane more fluid. Causing things to flow more |
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|
Term
Lipid Rafts
Define
Makes membrane ______ ______ |
|
Definition
When sphingolipids stick together.
Makes membrane less fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduce fluidity at normal temperatures |
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|
Term
Peripheral Proteins
Location/Define
Example |
|
Definition
Stuck to the surface of the membrane
Cell signaling proteins |
|
|
Term
Integral membrane Proteins
Location/Define
Example |
|
Definition
Proteins that have some hydrophobic amino acids and are at least partway into the membrane layer
Some Signaling molecules |
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|
Term
Transmembrane Proteins
Location/Define
Examples |
|
Definition
Integral proteins that pass all the way through.
Transport proteins, channels |
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|
Term
| Amino Acids near the HEADS of LIPIDS tend to be ________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino Acids near the TAILS of LIPIDS tend to be ________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Glycolipids
Define
Used for ____ _____ |
|
Definition
Sugar attached to lipid
Used for identification purposes |
|
|
Term
Glycoproteins
Define
Used for ____ _____ |
|
Definition
Sugar attached to protein
Used for identification purposes |
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|
Term
| What bond holds the two carbon atomis in C2H4? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What molecule is produced in a condensation reaction |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The breaking of these bonds is the first thing that happens when water is heated |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Liquid effective in dissolving polar substances |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Kind of compounds are substances produced and found in living things |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Reaction that breaks polymers into monomers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An example of structural isomers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polysaccharide stored in muscle and liver cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bond between two amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main difference between two amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of secondary structure in proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 intermolecular forces that hold quaternary structures together |
|
Definition
| Hydrogen bond, hydrophobic interaction, salt bridge, disulfide bridge |
|
|
Term
| Type of molecule with polar and non-polar regions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difference between intermolecular and intermolecular |
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Definition
| 22. intramolecular = bonds within a molecule (ionic, covalent, etc…); intermolecular = bonds between separate molecules or atoms far away in the same molecule |
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|
Term
| Difference between triglyceride and phospholipid? |
|
Definition
| 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol = 1 triglyceride; 2 fatty acids + 1 glycerol + 1 phosphate group (+ R) = phospholipid |
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|
Term
| Reaction by which amino acids are joined together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecules produced when cellulose is hydrolyzed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What way do two ends of RNA molecules differ from each other |
|
Definition
| One end is the N terminus and has an amine group; the other end is the C terminus and has a carboxylic acid group |
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|
Term
| Identifying structural formula steroid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When water molecules stick to other surfaces |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| When water sticks to itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tightness of hydrogen bonds on the surface of water |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Water's ability to rise up through small tubes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Attachments that affect the functions of hydrocarbons |
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|
Term
| OH at the end of a molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Double bonded OC in molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polysaccharide that stores energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What makes up plant cell walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body makes glycogen and it is stored in muscles. Animals version of starch |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Polysaccharide found in exoskeleton of insects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Store energy and keeps animals warm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of cell membrane. Triglyceride with phosphate group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of cell membrane. Triglyceride with phosphate group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bubble around water, 2 part membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Help plants collect light energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulate bodily functions. Four rings structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rate at which phospholipids are made |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Repels water on skin/feathers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA, RNA carry genetic info that tells cells how to make proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Copy of an instruction DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difference Between DNA and RNA |
|
Definition
DNA RNA
Double Stranded Single Stranded
AT & CG AV & CG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cellular machines, engines, & buildings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein present in red blood cells. Carries oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Bond between two two disaccharides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables |
|
Definition
What you change between control & experimental group
The thing you are counting |
|
|
Term
Control Group
Experimental Group |
|
Definition
The group in which you know what will happen
The group in which you don't know what will happen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Something that has to stay the same |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells, Organization, Energy, Growth, Development, Reproduction, Display Heredity, Maintain Homeostasis, Response to environment, Evolve & Adapt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All living organisms and their environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All biotic and abiotic factors within a specimen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compartments made up of macro molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organic molecules containing a carbonyl group at beginning or end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Early scientists thought ______ was the cell’s hereditary material because it was more ______ than DNA |
|
Definition
| Early scientists thought protein was the cell’s hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study suggested that DNA was probably the genetic material |
|
|
Term
| Chromosomes are made of both ______ and _____ |
|
Definition
| Chromosomes are made of both DNA and protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proved that DNA was the cell’s genetic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Showed the amounts of the four bases on DNA ( A,T,C,G) |
|
|
Term
_______ must pair with Thymine
Guanine must pair with _______ |
|
Definition
Adenine must pair with Thymine
Guanine must pair with Cytosine |
|
|
Term
| AT CG form what kind of bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Took diffraction x-ray photographs of DNA crystals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Built the first model of DNA using Franklin’s x-rays |
|
|
Term
| Two strands of DNA coiled called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sides of DNA made of
Also known as |
|
Definition
Deoxyribose bonded to phosphate (PO4)
Legs of Ladder |
|
|
Term
Center of DNA made up
Also know as |
|
Definition
Nitrogen bases bonded together by weak hydrogen bonds
Rungs of Ladder |
|
|
Term
| Most DNA has a ____-hand twist with ____ base pairs in a complete turn |
|
Definition
Right hand twist
10 base pairs in completer turn |
|
|
Term
| Hot spots occur where right and left twisted DNA meet producing ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Left twisted DNA is called Z-DNA or _____ DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nucleotides (Make up DNA) made up of
1.
2.
3. |
|
Definition
1.Phosphate group
2.5-carbon sugar
3.Nitrogenous base |
|
|
Term
| How are Carbons numbered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA are known as Antiparallel Strands because if one strand goes from 5' to 3' the other is ______ in direction and goes from ____ to _____ |
|
Definition
| Opposite in direction gores from 3' to 5' |
|
|
Term
How do you tell if the Bases are Purines?
Which are the Purine bases? |
|
Definition
Double Ring
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G) |
|
|
Term
How do you tell if the Bases are Pyrimidines?
Which are the Pyrimidines bases? |
|
Definition
Single Ring
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) |
|
|
Term
| Purines only pair with ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ (#) hydrogen bonds required to bond Guanine & Cytosine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ (#) hydrogen bonds are required to bond Adenine & Thymine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA has to be ______ before a cell divides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA is copied during the ____ or _______ phase of _________ |
|
Definition
| DNA is copied during the S or synthesis phase of interphase |
|
|
Term
| Where does Synthesis take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA replication begins at _____ ___ _______ |
|
Definition
| Begins at Origins of Replication |
|
|
Term
Two strands open forming Replication _____
What happens here? |
|
Definition
Two strands open forming Replication Forks
New strands grow at the forks |
|
|
Term
As the 2 DNA strands open at the origin, _______ Bubbles form.
Prokaryotes (bacteria) have _______ bubble(s)
Eukaryotic chromosomes have ______ bubble(s) |
|
Definition
Replication Bubbles
Prokaryotes (bacteria) have a single bubble
Eukaryotic chromosomes have MANY bubbles |
|
|
Term
| Enzyme ____ ________ unwinds and separates the 2 DNA strands by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Single-Strand Binding Proteins attach and keep the 2 DNA strands _______ and ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Topoisomerase
Not really important |
|
Definition
| Relieves stress on DNA as it separates |
|
|
Term
| Before new DNA strands can form, there must be____ _______ present to start the addition of new nucleotides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA Primer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA polymerase can then add the new ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the _____ end of the DNA
This causes the NEW strand to be built in a ___ to ____ direction |
|
Definition
3'
This causes the NEW strand to be built in a 5’ to 3’ direction |
|
|
Term
| The ______ _____ is synthesized as a single strand from the point of origin toward the opening replication fork |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ _____ is synthesized discontinuously against overall direction of replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This strand is made in MANY short segments It is replicated from the replication fork toward the origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ ________ - series of short segments on the lagging strand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Okazaki Fragments must be joined together by __ _______ called ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DNA polymerase initially makes about 1 in _______ base pairing errors
______ proofread and correct these mistakes
The new error rate for DNA that has been proofread is 1 in ___ ______ base pairing errors |
|
Definition
10,000
Enzymes proofread and correct these mistakes
The new error rate for DNA that has been proofread is 1 in 1 billion base pairing errors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| New DNA consists of 1 PARENTAL (original) and 1 NEW strand of DNA |
|
|
Term
| DNA contains _____, sequences of nucleotide bases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These Genes code for _______ or ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells |
|
Definition
| Proteins are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells |
|
|
Term
Proteins are made of _____ ______ linked together by peptide bonds
__(#) different ____ ____ exist |
|
Definition
Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
20 different amino acids exist |
|
|
Term
| Amino acid chains are called ________ |
|
Definition
| Amino acid chains are called polypeptides |
|
|
Term
DNA is found inside the ______
Proteins, however, are made in the _______ of cells by organelles called _____ |
|
Definition
DNA is found inside the nucleus
Proteins, however, are made in the cytoplasm of cells by organelles called ribosomes |
|
|
Term
DNA ‘s code must be copied and taken to the ______
In the cytoplasm, this code must be read so _____ ____ can be assembled to make polypeptides (proteins)
This process is called _____ _____ |
|
Definition
DNA ‘s code must be copied and taken to the cytosol
In the cytoplasm, this code must be read so amino acids can be assembled to make polypeptides (proteins)
This process is called PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
|
|
Term
____ contains the base uracil (U)
____ has thymine (T)
____ molecule is single-stranded
____ is double-stranded |
|
Definition
RNA contains the base uracil (U)
DNA has thymine (T)
RNA molecule is single-stranded
DNA is double-stranded |
|
|
Term
| _______ ____ (_RNA) copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomes |
|
Definition
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| _________ ____ (_RNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes |
|
Definition
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| _________ ____ (_RNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized |
|
Definition
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized |
|
|
Term
Messenger RNA:
_____ _____ chain of Nucleotides
Made in the _______
Copies DNA & leaves _____ _______ ______
Contains the Nitrogen Bases _, _, _, _ |
|
Definition
Long Straight chain of Nucleotides
Made in the Nucleus
Copies DNA & leaves through nuclear pores
Contains the Nitrogen Bases A, G, C, U ( no T ) |
|
|
Term
| Sequence of 3 bases called ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Made inside the ______ of a cell
Associates with _______ to form ribosomes
Site of _____ _______ |
|
Definition
Made inside the nucleus of a cell
Associates with proteins to form ribosomes
Site of protein Synthesis |
|
|
Term
A codon designates an ____ _____
An amino acid may have more than ____ ____ |
|
Definition
A codon designates an amino acid
An amino acid may have more than one codon |
|
|
Term
On DNA:
A-__
C-__
On RNA:
_-_
_-_ |
|
Definition
On DNA:
A-T
C-G
On RNA:
A-U
C-G |
|
|
Term
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
_____-____ shape
Single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an ____ ____
Opposite end has three nucleotide bases called the ______ |
|
Definition
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Clover-leaf shape
Single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an amino acid
Opposite end has three nucleotide bases called the anticodon |
|
|
Term
The 3 bases of an anticodon are ______ to the 3 bases of a ____
Example: Codon ACU
Anticodon ___ |
|
Definition
The 3 bases of an anticodon are complementary to the 3 bases of a codon
Example: Codon ACU
Anticodon UGA |
|
|
Term
Pathway to making a protein
DNA
_RNA
t___ (______)
_____ |
|
Definition
DNA
mRNA
tRNA (ribosomes)
Protein |
|
|
Term
Protein Synthesis
Two phases: ________ & ______
mRNA must be ______ before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells |
|
Definition
Two phases: Transcription & Translation
mRNA must be processed before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, the ______ ____
_____ copies the template strand
Requires the enzyme ____ _______ |
|
Definition
The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, the template strand
mRNA copies the template strand
Requires the enzyme RNA Polymerase |
|
|
Term
____ Strand
_______ Strand
_____ Strand
Side that does not code the RNA |
|
Definition
Top Strand
Coding Strand
Sense Strand |
|
|
Term
____ Strand
_______ Strand
_____ Strand
Side that does not code the RNA |
|
Definition
Bottom Strand
Template Strand
Antisense Strand |
|
|
Term
During transcription, ___ _______ binds to ____ and separates the DNA strands
____ ______ then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into _______ |
|
Definition
During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands
RNA Polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into RNA |
|
|
Term
______ are regions on DNA that show where RNA Polymerase must bind to begin the Transcription of RNA
Called the _____ box
Specific base sequences act as signals to _____
Called the ______ signal |
|
Definition
Promoters are regions on DNA that show where RNA Polymerase must bind to begin the Transcription of RNA
Called the TATA box
Specific base sequences act as signals to stop
Called the termination signal |
|
|
Term
After the DNA is transcribed into RNA, editing must be done to the nucleotide chain to make the RNA _____
______, non-functional segments of DNA are snipped out of the chain |
|
Definition
After the DNA is transcribed into RNA, editing must be done to the nucleotide chain to make the RNA functional
Introns, non-functional segments of DNA are snipped out of the chain |
|
|
Term
| _____, segments of DNA that code for proteins, are then rejoined by the enzyme ______ |
|
Definition
| Exons, segments of DNA that code for proteins, are then rejoined by the enzyme ligase |
|
|
Term
| mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ______ |
|
Definition
| mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes |
|
|
Term
______ is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain
Ribosomes read mRNA three bases or _ _____ at a time and construct the proteins |
|
Definition
Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain
Ribosomes read mRNA three bases or 1 codon at a time and construct the proteins |
|
|
Term
Ribosomes are made of a _____ and small subunit
Composed of _____ and ______
Have two sites for tRNA attachment --- _ and _ |
|
Definition
Ribosomes are made of a large and small subunit
Composed of rRNA (40%) and proteins (60%)
Have two sites for tRNA attachment --- P and A |
|
|
Term
mRNA transcript start codon AUG attaches to the small ribosomal subunit
Small subunit attaches to large ribosomal subunit |
|
Definition
mRNA transcript start codon AUG attaches to the small ribosomal subunit
Small subunit attaches to large ribosomal subunit |
|
|
Term
Elongation=As ribosome moves, two tRNA with their amino acids move into site A and P of the ribosome
Peptide bonds join the amino acids |
|
Definition
Elongation=As ribosome moves, two tRNA with their amino acids move into site A and P of the ribosome
Peptide bonds join the amino acids |
|
|
Term
The end products of protein synthesis is a _______ structure of a protein
A sequence of ______ _____ bonded together by ______ bonds |
|
Definition
The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a protein
A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds |
|
|
Term
The _____ are cut out of RNA molecules.
The _____ are the spliced together to form mRNA. |
|
Definition
The introns are cut out of RNA molecules.
The exons are the spliced together to form mRNA. |
|
|
Term
| _____ specifies the amino acid methionine or serve as a “start” codon for protein synthesis. |
|
Definition
| AUG specifies the amino acid methionine or serve as a “start” codon for protein synthesis. |
|
|
Term
_______ are changes in the genetic material.
Two Types:
_______ ______
And ____ ____ |
|
Definition
Mutations are changes in the genetic material.
Two Types:
Chromosome Mutations
And Gene Mutations |
|
|
Term
Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are known as _____ ___________.
Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as _______ ________. |
|
Definition
Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are known as gene mutations.
Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as chromosomal mutations. |
|
|
Term
| Gene mutations involving a change in _____ _ _____ nucleotides are known as _______ mutations because they occur at a _____ point in the DNA sequence. |
|
Definition
| Gene mutations involving a change in one or a few nucleotides are known as point mutations because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence. |
|
|
Term
| _____ usually affect no more than a single amino acid. |
|
Definition
| Substitutions usually affect no more than a single amino acid. |
|
|
Term
The _______ or _____ of a nucleotide causes a shift in the grouping of codons.
Changes like these are called ______ ______ |
|
Definition
The addition or deletion of a nucleotide causes a shift in the grouping of codons.
Changes like these are called frameshift mutations |
|
|
Term
Frameshift mutations may change ______ amino acid that _____ the mutation.
Frameshift mutations can alter a ____ so much that it is ____ to perform its _____ functions |
|
Definition
Frameshift mutations may change every amino acid that follows the mutation.
Frameshift mutations can alter a protein so much that it is unable to perform its normal functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutations where the Amino Acid Stays same |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In _______ ________, biologists make changes in the DNA code of a living organism. |
|
Definition
| In genetic engineering, biologists make changes in the DNA code of a living organism. |
|
|
Term
During ________, a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. The external DNA becomes a component of the cell's DNA.
This change to the DNA molecule is known as DNA ________. |
|
Definition
During transformation, a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. The external DNA becomes a component of the cell's DNA.
This change to the DNA molecule is known as DNA recombination. |
|
|
Term
| An organism with modified DNA is called ______ |
|
Definition
| An organism with modified DNA is called TRANSGENIC |
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis is the _____ phase of ____ _____ |
|
Definition
| 1st phase of aerobic respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process that partially breaks down glucose and harvests some of its energy |
|
|
Term
| Where does Glycolysis occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organisms does Glycolysis take place in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Beginning equation of Glycolysis
Net gain of ATP in Glycolysis |
|
Definition
Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP + 4Pi
Net gain of 2 ATP |
|
|
Term
Step 1 of Glycolysis is called
And define |
|
Definition
Energy investment step
ATPs provide enough energy for whole reaction |
|
|
Term
Why would delta G be negative in Glycolysis?
Why positive? |
|
Definition
Negative if ATP is broken down
Positive if ATP is built, besides when 1,3 -Bisphosphoglycerate because it is unstable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
|
|
Term
| After glucose and before pyruvate in Glycolysis everything is considered an ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Three irreversible Reactions
1.
3.
10.
why random numbers?
what do they all have in common |
|
Definition
1. hexokinase
3. phosphofructokinase
10. pyruvate kinase
numbers are what step
very negative delta G |
|
|
Term
| Why are the three irreversible Glycolysis reactions irreversible |
|
Definition
| Because them backwards would have a very high delta G |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibitor for the 3rd step. Feed back inhibition |
|
|
Term
ADP- Hard to say what the three are
1. _____ signals
2. _____ of this = ______ of ______
3. Activator of ________ |
|
Definition
1. Hunger
2. Alot of this = a lot of ATP
3. phosphofructokinase |
|
|
Term
Aresenate
What does it affect?
What does that ^ cause? |
|
Definition
Affects GAP dehydrogenase
Prevents Phosphate from being added to sugar |
|
|
Term
Iodoacetate
What does it affect?
What does that ^ cause? |
|
Definition
Affects GAP dehydrogenase
Covalently binds to active site of enzyme |
|
|
Term
Fluoride ion
What does it affect?
What does that ^ cause? |
|
Definition
Affects Enolase
Sticks to Mg+2 ion at active site and blocks substrate from entering |
|
|
Term
| Where does fermentation take place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fermentation Reaction
and why |
|
Definition
Reaction to recycle NADH to NAD+ in the absence of oxygen
So you can still do glycolosis |
|
|
Term
Three steps of Aerobic Respiration
1.
2. Two parts technically
3. |
|
Definition
1. Glycolosis
2. Link/Transition Phase & Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
Reactants of Link/Transition Phase
1.
2.
3. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Products of Link/Transition Phase
1.
2.
3. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reactants of Krebs Cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
And what to remember about them |
|
Definition
Acetyl CoA
3NAD+
ADP + P
FAD
Since Glycolosis produces two pyruvates, they are technically doubled |
|
|
Term
Products of of Krebs Cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
And what to remember about them
and where is energy stored? |
|
Definition
2 CO2
ATP- I think Energy Stored
3 NADH-Energy Stored
FADH2-Energy Stored
Coenzyme A
Since Glycolosis produces two pyruvates, they are technically doubled |
|
|
Term
| 4 Carbon molecule, last molecule in Krebs cycle before it repeats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 6 Carbon molecule, first molecule of Krebs cycle after CO2+CoA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Concentration gradient potential energy
Used in? |
|
Definition
| (Used in Secondary Active Transport) Energy due to concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
Chemical energy
Where is energy stored?
What two groups of bonds? |
|
Definition
Carbon-Carbon bonds
High energy phosphate-phosphate bonds
Energy stored in bonds |
|
|
Term
| Photosynthesis chemical formula |
|
Definition
| Sun energy + 6H20 + 6 CO2 = C6H12O6 + 6O2 (Chemical energy) |
|
|
Term
| Respiration chemical formula |
|
Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6H20 + 6 CO2 + Chemical Energy (in form of ATP) |
|
|
Term
Anabolic Reactions
Two Examples
Define |
|
Definition
Photosynthesis, Condensation
Builds something up & Requires energy |
|
|
Term
Catabolic Reactions
Two Examples
Define |
|
Definition
Respiration, Hydrolysis
Break something down & Releases Energy |
|
|
Term
| First Law of Thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| Law of Conservation of Energy |
|
|
Term
| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
|
Definition
Free energy is the energy available to do work
Always decreasing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measure of disorder. Always increasing in a closed system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change from stable to unstable for a change to occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy required to get the reactants into an unstable transition state |
|
|
Term
| ATP macromolecule category & Type |
|
Definition
Nucleic Acid
RNA Nucleotide |
|
|
Term
| Substrate Level Phosphorylation |
|
Definition
Take phosphate off ATP & put onto something else to give it energy
X + O + ATP =-Enzyme XO + AMP + PPi + light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy is transferred from one side of the reaction to the other. |
|
|
Term
| Extra hydrogens equals ____ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another type of electron carrier besides NAD+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The place on an enzyme where a molecule that is not a substrate may bind, thus changing the shape of the enzyme and influencing its ability to be active. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Permanently destroys enzyme, not common in cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules that bond to allosteric sites and support the binding of the substrate at the active site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
negative delta G
spontaneous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Positive delta G
nonspontaneous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme changes shape slightly as the substrate bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substrate bonds to active site and then its bonds are weakened and produces two or more things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibitor binding to active site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibitor binding to allosteric site thus changing shape of enzyme |
|
|
Term
Resulting equation of Glycolysis
What is used in Krebs/Link |
|
Definition
2 pyruvates + 2 ADP + 2Pi + 4 ATP + 2NADH
Pryuvates used in Link/Krebs Cycle becomes Acetyl CoA which is used in Krebs |
|
|
Term
| Lactic Acid Fermentation Equation |
|
Definition
| 2 Pyruvic acid + 2 NADH + 2H+ = 2NAD+ + 2 Lactic Acid |
|
|
Term
| Alcohol Fermentation Equation |
|
Definition
2 Pyruvic acid have 2 CO2 removed to become Acetaldehyde
THEN
2 Acetaldehyde 2 NADH + 2H+ = 2NAD+ + 2Ethanol |
|
|
Term
| Where does Transition Phase occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reactants of Oxidative Phosphorylation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. |
|
Definition
3ADP
3Pi
NADH
1/2 O2
Bunch of H+ |
|
|
Term
Products of Oxidate Phosphorylation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ATPs made from all Aerobic Respiration
How many in Glycolysis?
How many in Link
How many in Krebs
How many in Oxidative |
|
Definition
36 total
net of 2 from Glycolysis
0 from link
2 from Krebs
32 from Oxidative |
|
|
Term
How many NADH and FADH in:
Glycolysis
Link
Krebs |
|
Definition
2 NADH in Glycolysis
2 NADH in Link
6 NADH and 2 FADH2 in Krebs |
|
|
Term
How many ATPs do NADH produce
How many ATPs do FADH2 produce
How many ATPs do the 2 NADHs from Glycolysis make |
|
Definition
NADH= 3 ATP
FADH2= 2 ATP
NADH from Glycolysis= 2 ATP due to passing though mitochondrion membrane |
|
|
Term
Electron Transport chain
Two things that occur and where
Well three sort of |
|
Definition
NADH = NAD+ occur on integral membrane protein
FADH2 = FAD+ Integral membrane protein DIFFERENT then the NADH
Oxygen collects e- and becomes water and the hydrogen goes to ATP synthase |
|
|
Term
Yeast does ____ fermentation
Humans do _____ fermentation |
|
Definition
Yeast does Ethanol Fermentation
Humans do Lactic Acid Fermentation |
|
|
Term
| Oxidative puts NADH to NAD+ while _______ does so as well but without something |
|
Definition
| Fermentation does so without oxygen |
|
|
