Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meiosis begins with cells that have how many chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells with a full set of chromosomes are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells with half the amount of chromosomes possible are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells at the end of meiosis are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chromatids in a tetrad? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many homologous chromosomes in a tetrad? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of forming a tetrad |
|
|
Term
| When does crossing over occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ordinary body cells are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do somatic cells multiply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| formation of sperm cells: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many sperm cells are created in spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many eggs and polar bodies are created in oogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the process by which 2 sex cells fuse is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fertilization results in a cell called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three of the same chromosome is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lacking one chromosome is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alternative forms of a gene: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetically pure individuals |
|
|
Term
| homozygous dominant is represented by |
|
Definition
| two upper case letters (AA) |
|
|
Term
| heterzygous is represented by |
|
Definition
| one upper case one lower case letter (Aa) |
|
|
Term
| homozygous recessive is represented by |
|
Definition
| two lower case letters (aa) |
|
|
Term
| location of a gene on a chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alternative forms of a gene: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| homozygous dominant is represented by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| heterozygous is represented by |
|
Definition
| one upper case one lower case letter (Aa) |
|
|
Term
| homozygous recessive is represented by |
|
Definition
| two lower case letters (aa) |
|
|
Term
| location of a gene on a chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to determine the genotype of the unknown parent do a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a test cross, you cross |
|
Definition
| homozygous recessive with unknown genotype |
|
|
Term
| probability of boy or girl being born is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phenotypic ratio of 2 heterozygous parents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| genotypic ratio of 2 heterozygous parents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of inheritence is demostrated when a red flower is crossed with a white and the offspring are all pink |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| genotypic ration of the F1 generation of incomplete dominance oppspring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what represents female genotype |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what represents male genotype |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which human chromosome containts many loci which are required in both sexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which chromosome contains only a few genes that have to do with maleness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| traits are on the autosomal chromosomes but their expression is influence by the sex of the animal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of sex-influenced trait |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| co-dominance and incomplete dominance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| genotype of AB blood type |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| multiple symptoms are caused by a single pair of alleles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of inheritance occurs when multiple independent pairs of genes have similar and additive effects on the same characterisitic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of polygenic traits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of gene interaction in which the presence of certain alleles of one locus can prevent (stop) the expression of alleles of a different locus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of breeding in which undesirable traits may show up in offspring because of inheritance of homozygous recessive alleles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a chart which shows the transmission of genetic traits within a family |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chromosomes that do not include sex chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| humans have how many pairs of autosomal chromsomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of a disorder which may come abouot because a person receives an extra chromosome 21 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| know what cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sex-linked disorder in which blood is not able to clot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the scientists who worked with bacteriophages to find out that DNA plays a significant role in passing on hereditary material |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| scientists credited with the discovery of the shape of DNA as a double helix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the scientists who worked with basteria strains and mice to show that there was some tupe of transforming material which changed the S strain into a rough virulent strain bacteria. A similar more detailed experiment done later by Oswald Avery show that the transforming material was DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| building blocks of a nucleic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nucleotides are composed of |
|
Definition
| sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base |
|
|
Term
| one side of DNA runs in a 3' to 5' direction, the other runs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one side of DNA runs in a 3' to 5' direction, the other runs 5' to 3'. this makes DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 nitrogen bases |
|
Definition
| adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil |
|
|
Term
| adenine always pairs with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nitrogen bases are connected by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
|
|
Term
| how many rings do pyrimidines have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many rings do purines have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sugar of one nucleotide is connected to the phosphate of another nucleotide by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA replication occurs in a _________ way |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after replication, DNA contains one old strand and one new strand in each of the molecules |
|
|
Term
| the enzymes which unwinds the DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the enzymes which adds in free nucleotides during replication so that synthesis of the new strand occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA is replicated in which direction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the enzyme which lays down RNA primer to initiate a strand for replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which strand is formed continuously |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which strand is formed discontinuously |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lagging strand consists of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| okazaki fragments are sealed together by the enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA is condensed as a chromosome by wrapping its chromatin around a cluster of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two main steps involved in protein synthesis |
|
Definition
| transcription and translation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA has what kind of sugar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nitrogen base is in RNA that is not in DNA, and what is it replaced by? |
|
Definition
| thymine is replaced by uracil |
|
|
Term
| DNA is used to make RNA in the process of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transcription begins downstream from a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to begin transcription, which enzyme first binds to the DNA promoter sequence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pre-RNA must have what taken out before it leave the nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stays in mRNA to go on and be expressed into a protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is added to the 5' end in transcription |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is added to the 3' end in transcription |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a triplet of bases found on mRNA is called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the start codon, and what is its anticodon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 steps of translation are |
|
Definition
| initiation, elongation, and termination |
|
|
Term
| what type of RNA drops off its animon acid in translation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tRNA drops off its amino acids on the __ and __ sites on the _____ |
|
Definition
| A and P sites on the ribosome |
|
|
Term
| the presences or absence of a single chromosome is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the term for when chromosomes fail to separate during cell division is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why was mendel able to discover the basic principles of inheritance? |
|
Definition
| he developed and worked with pure-bred lines of pea plants |
|
|
Term
| Mendel's theory that states that two alleles carried by an individual parent must become separated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the law of segregation is in place during |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the law of independent assortment is in place during |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of gene interaction in which the presence of certain alleles of one locus can prevent (stop) the expression of alleles of a different locus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| know an example of epistasis, monosomy, and trisonomy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the condition in which part of a chromatid appears to be attached to the rest of the X chromosome by a
thin thread. This may lead to mental retardation often more severe in males. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
an autosomal recessive disease related to an amino acid defect. High levels of phenylalanine accumulate damaging the
nervous system. If infants are identified early, they symptoms can be reduced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| autosomal recessive disorder more common in Africans. Blood cells are sickle shaped resulting in a variety of serious symptoms. This disease is an example of both pleiotropy and heterozygote advantage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by excess mucus in the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
an autosomal dominant disorder which becomes evident when the individual is in their 30’s or
40’s. A nucleotide triplet CAG is repeated 40 – 150 times |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when DNA is condensed as a chromosome by wrapping its chromatin around a cluster of histone proteins, it forms a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tRNA carries an amino acid attached to its 3’end by a covalent bond with the help of the enzyme |
|
Definition
aminoacyl –tRNA
synthetase |
|
|
Term
| how many amino acids are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many codons are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| of the 64 codons, how many of them translate into amino acids? what do the others do? |
|
Definition
61 are amino acids
the remaining 3 are stop codons |
|
|
Term
| why is the genetic code essentially universal? |
|
Definition
| it is found in all organisms |
|
|
Term
| a nucleotide seqyence that carries the information needed to produce a specific RNA or protein product |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| changes in the nucleotide sequences of DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mutations that involve a change in only one base pair |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mutations are the results of one or two nucleotide pairs being inserted or deleted from DNA causing an alteration in the reading frame |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a mutation where a piece of a chromosome breakes off and attaches to another nonhomologous chromosome is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzymes that are used to cut DNA molecules only in specific places |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of DNA where the combination of DNA from different organisms spliced together in the laboratory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when an exact copy of an organism's DNA is made it is referred to as a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a carrier capable of transporting cut DNA into a cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can be used as a vector? |
|
Definition
| plasmids, bacteriophages, viruses |
|
|
Term
| the total genetic information in an organism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| purposes of the human genome project |
|
Definition
| sequencing,identifying and studying the functions of the genes found in humans |
|
|
Term
| about how many base pairs in human DNA are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organisms are plants and animals with foreign genes |
|
Definition
| transgenic organisms, or GMOs |
|
|
Term
| unspecialized cells which have the capacity to divide and become any type of specialized cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the presence of multiple sets of chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contribution of aristotle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contribution of Charles Lyell |
|
Definition
| principles of geology- if the earth is changing, organisms change with it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| population growth is geometric and results in competition which slows population growth (limiting factors) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1st to interpret fossils as remains of previously existing animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acquired traits are passed on directly to offspring, use and disuse (need to know he sucked at evolution) |
|
|
Term
| contribution of Charles Darwin |
|
Definition
| British naturalist, sailed on Beagle to Galapagos Islands and formed the basis for theory of evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Variation
Overproduction
Limits on population growth
Differential reproductive success |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IF there is variation
IF that variation can be inherited
IF there is competition
THEN selection pressures act
THEN the population evolves |
|
|
Term
| definition of synthetic theory of evolution |
|
Definition
| combines Darwin's ideas with modern genetic knowledge |
|
|
Term
| what provides the genetic variability on which natural selection acts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| evidence for evolution (ABCDEFG) |
|
Definition
Anatomical
BioChemical
Developmental/Embryonic
Fossils
Geographical |
|
|
Term
| Where can you find fossils? |
|
Definition
| *sedimentary rock**amber, tar, bogs, ice |
|
|
Term
| the oldest rocks are found in the _____ layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| index fossils characterize |
|
Definition
| a specific layer over large geographical areas and can be used to date other fossils in the same layer |
|
|
Term
| what is the characteristic rate of decay for a radioisotope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is used to date specimens thought to be younger than 50,000 years old |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structures that are similar because of a common ancestor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another word for analogous structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structures that have a similar function, but do not have a common ancestor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nonfunctional structures that seem to be remnants of ancestral organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| know examples of vestigial, homologous, and analogous structures |
|
Definition
| ex: wisdom teeth, human are/manatee flipper, and bee and bird wings (respectively) |
|
|
Term
| evolution which occurs when organisms become more alike with similar characteristics even though they are not closely related (due to environment!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geographical distribution of organisms is referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| continental drift definition: |
|
Definition
| the separation of the super-continent known as Pangea |
|
|
Term
| Movement of plates which caused continents to change locations is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why did populations diverge into new species when the continents drifted apart? |
|
Definition
| there were geographically isolated |
|
|
Term
| Definition of developmental biology |
|
Definition
| Development in different animals is controlled by the same kinds of genes |
|
|
Term
| What indicates are vertebrates have a common ancestor? |
|
Definition
| Their similar embryonic development |
|
|
Term
| Examples of embryonic development? *this will definitely be on the final* |
|
Definition
post-anal tail
gill slits / pouches (hahaha pouches) |
|
|
Term
| Proteins and _______ contain a record of evolutionary change |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the greated the difference in amino acid sequences between organisms, the ____ |
|
Definition
| longer it is thought to have been since 2 species diverged along separate evolutionary pathways |
|
|
Term
| the closest living relative to the human, based on DNA evidence, is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much DNA do people and chimpanzees share? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diagrams showing lines of descent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the evolutionary history of a group of related species |
|
|
Term
| population genetics is the study of |
|
Definition
| genetic variability within a populationand the forces which act on it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all of the alleles for all of the genes present in a population |
|
|
Term
| genetic equilibrium occurs is there is |
|
Definition
1. random mating
2. large population
3. no migration
4. no mutations
5. no selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the choosing of a mate similar to yourself |
|
|
Term
| inbreeding can lead to: (lowered fitness) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do mutations increase in a population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what changes allele frequencies due to a chance event |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| random events tend to cause problems of greater magnitude in what size populations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chance event that causes a rapid decrease in number of individuals in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variation within a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the differential reproduction of individuals with different traits. It weeds out individuals who are less
adapted to environmental challenges. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stabilizing, directional, disruptive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of organisms who are capable of inter breeding and producing fertile offspring |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of reproductive isolation: |
|
Definition
| post-zygotic, pre-zygotic, and during mating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs before fertilization can occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occur after fertilization |
|
|
Term
| types of prezygotic barriers |
|
Definition
| temporal, habitat, behavioral |
|
|
Term
| during-mating barriers (reproductive isolation) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproduce at different times |
|
|
Term
| habitat isolation (the reproductive kind) |
|
Definition
| same area but different mating habitats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another word for sympatric speciation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| behavioral/sexual isolation: |
|
Definition
| courtship and mating signals differ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incompatible reproductive structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecular and chemical differences make egg and sperm incompatible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| embryo is formed but does not survive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| offspring is infertile because their parents had different chromosome numbers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability of a F2 generation hybrid to reproduce |
|
|
Term
| allopatric speciation occurs |
|
Definition
| when one population becomes geographically separated from the rest of the species |
|
|
Term
| sympatric speciation occurs |
|
Definition
| when a new species evolves within the same geographic area |
|
|
Term
| two models for evolutionary change are |
|
Definition
| punctuated equilibrium and gradualism |
|
|
Term
| definition of gradualism: |
|
Definition
| slow gradual continuous evolution over long periods of time |
|
|
Term
| definition of punctuated equilibrium: |
|
Definition
fossil record accurately depicts evolution with long periods of stasis (little or no
evolution) interrupted by rapid speciation. |
|
|
Term
| why is speciation common after mass extinctions? |
|
Definition
| There are niches to be filled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ecological niches which may open up for occupation by a new species after situations such as new islands
and mass extinctions |
|
|
Term
| another word for divergent evolution is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is a species considered extinct? |
|
Definition
| when the last individual of a species dies |
|
|
Term
| two types of extinction are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| definition of background extinction: |
|
Definition
| continuous, low-level rate of extinction |
|
|
Term
| definition of mass extinction: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| natural catastrophe, habitat loss, and hunting |
|
|
