Shared Flashcard Set

Details

BIO FINAL
death
124
Biology
Undergraduate 1
05/05/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
are sequences of nucleotides at specific locations on chromosomes
Definition
genes
Term
is the process by which the characteristics are passed on to offspring 
Definition
inheritance
Term

a unit of DNA that encodes information needed to produce proteins,cells, and entire organisms

-can be a few hundred to many thousands of nucleotides in length

Definition
gene
Term
location of a gene on a chromosome is called the ______
Definition
locus
Term
human cells contain ____ chromosomes, ____ pairs
Definition
46, 23
Term
non-sex chromosomes
Definition
autosomes
Term
sequences of nucleotides at specific locations on chromosomes
Definition
genes
Term
chromosomes carry the same kinds of genes for the same characteristics
Definition
homologous
Term
where are genes for the same characteristics found?
Definition
at the same loci
Term
pair of chromosomes that contain the same genes
Definition
homologous
Term
will genes for a characteristic found on homologous chromosomes have to identical?
Definition
nah
Term
alternative versions of genes found at the same gene locus are called?
Definition
alleles
Term
alleles are formed by ______?
Definition
mutations
Term
if a mutation occurs in _____, the cells that become sperm or eggs, then the mutation can be passed on from parent to offspring
Definition
gemetes
Term
will an organisms two alleles be the same,different, or either one?
Definition
EITHER
Term
each cell carries ____ alleles per characteristic, one on each of the two _____  chromosomes
Definition

two 

homologous

Term
if both homologous chromosomes carry the SAME allele at a given gene locus, the organism is ______ at that locus
Definition
homozygous
Term
if two homologous chromosomes carry DIFFERENT alleles at a given locus, the organism is _______ at that locus, also called hybrid
Definition
heterozygous
Term

predicts offspring genotypes and phenotypes from combinations of parental gametes
1.Assign letters to the different alleles of the characteristic under consideration (uppercase for dominant, lowercase for recessive)

2. Determine the possible gametes from both parents

3.Write the gametes from each parent, along each side of a 2 x 2 grid (Punnett square)

4. Fill in the genotypes of each pair of combined gametes in the grid

. Determine the genotypic ratio based on the outcome of the Punnett Square.

6. Based on the which traits are dominant, and which are recessive, calculate the predicted phenotypic ratio

 

Definition
punnett square method
Term
pea plants were used to find what?
Definition
principals of inheritance
Term
why did they use pea plants?
Definition
pea plant have stames, carpels. and petals that enclose the plants
Term
pea plant part that female produces eggs
Definition
carpel
Term
pea plant part the is male, produces pollen that contain sperm
Definition
stamen
Term
because of their structure, pea flowers naturally _____
Definition
self-fertilize
Term
pollen from the stamen of a plant transfers to the ____ of the same plant, where the sperm then fertilizes the plant's eggs
Definition
carpel
Term
Mendel was able to mate two DIFFERENT plants b ___________
Definition
cross-fertilization
Term
which parts of the pea plants were dusted with pollen from other selected plants?
Definition
carpels
Term
what was the key to Mendel's success
Definition

he chose a simple experimental design

-he chose to study individual traits that had unmistakably differnt forms, (such as white verse purple flowers)

-he started out by studying only one trait at a time

Term
pea plants that are _____ for a particular characteristic always produce the same phenotype
Definition
homozygous
Term
if a plant is homozygous for purple flowers, it will always produce offspring with what color flowers?
Definition
purple
Term
plants that are homozygous for a characteristic are described as _________
Definition
true-breeding
Term
the mating of pollen and eggs (from same or different parents)
Definition
genetic cross
Term
the parents used in a cross are part of the __________
Definition
parental generation (known as P)
Term
the offspring of the P generation are members of the ______________
Definition
first filial generation (F1)
Term
offspring of the F1 generation are members of the _____ generation
Definition
f2
Term
what did Mendel do in his flower color expierament?
Definition
crossed a true-breeding(homozygous) purple flower plant with a true-breeding (homozygous) white-flower plant (the P generation)
Term

5.True-breeding organisms have two copies of the ______ allele for a given gene and are homozygous for that gene; hybrid organisms have two _____ alleles for a given gene and are heterozygous for that gene

Definition

-same

-different

Term
particular combination of the two alleles carried by an individual is called??
Definition
genotype
Term
the physical expression of the genotype is known as the ?
Definition
phenotype
Term
used to deduce whether an organism with a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous
Definition
test cross
Term
MAMMALS have a set of _______ that dictate gender
Definition
sex chromosomes
Term
females have two ___ chromosomes
Definition
x
Term
sames have a x chromosomes and a ___ chromosome
Definition
y
Term
the rest of the (non-sex) chromosomes occur in identical pairs and are called ______?
Definition
autosomes
Term
when the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes, the pattern of inheritance is called _____________
Definition
incomplete dominace
Term
a species may have ______ alleles for a given characteristic
Definition
multiple
Term
people make antibodies to the type of glycoproteins they _____
Definition
lack
Term
flap that blocks the food from going to your trachea
Definition
epiglotis
Term
where does chemical digestion begin?
Definition
in your mouth!
Term
what PH is it when the food is in your stomach
Definition
low
Term
3 functions of human digestion:
Definition
1. storage chamber
2. mechanical breakdown
3. ? lookup answer
Term
1-2 inches in diameter, 10 dt long, most digestion and nutrient absorption
Definition
small intestine
Term
2 typees of digestion in small intestine
Definition
1)chemical breakdown
2)absorption
Term
breaking bonds between compunds that you just ate
Definition
chemical breakdown
Term
what do fat molecules do?
Definition
clump together and form big balls of fat
Term
what produces a compound that aides in the breakdown of fats?
Definition
liver
Term
breakdown of lipids(fats)
Definition
bile
Term
largest organ in digestive tract; makes bile
Definition
liver
Term
breakdown by secretions from liver,pancreas,walls of small intestine itself produces enzymes.
Definition
chemical breakdown
Term
lipids are the same things as
Definition
fat
Term
what are the 2 roles of the pancreas?
Definition
-hormones for blood sugar regulation(Ex: insulin)(hormones work in opposite directions)
-digestive pancreatic juices
Term
what are two important things about digestive pancreatic juices?
Definition
-the Ph of the juice is important. it is a HIGH(alkaline is another word for hight) ph
-a lot of digestive enzymes
Term
the high ph of the pancreatic juices and the low Ph of the chime that is dumped from your stomach mix together and do what?
Definition
NEUTRALIZE
Term
first role of the small intestine is to?
Definition
chemically breakdown all of the food that you consume
Term
majority of nutrients are absorbed through???
Definition
walls of the small intestine
Term
if he gives us a multicellular organism thats eukaryotic and feeds by absorption it NOT a animal, it is a ??? ((animals feed by ingestion)
Definition
fungus
Term
2 things absorption contains is:
Definition
villi and microvilli line the wall of the intestine
Term
where food is taken up into your bloodstream
Definition
villi
Term
bring oxygen to all of the living cells in the villi. also play a MAJOR ROLE in absorbing nutrients
Definition
capillaries
Term
exchangs takes place at???
Definition
CAPILLARIES
Term
whatever is not absorbed or chemically digested then moves into a larger tube called the?
Definition
large intestine
Term
how big and long is the large intestine?
Definition
3" in diameter and 5 ft long
Term
large intestine consist of what?
Definition
colon and rectum (last 6" of colon)
Term
the colon has a symbiotic, mutualistic relationship. explain this
Definition
bacteria make vitamins needed by body (B12,thiamin, riboflavin, K) ((somethin about gas))
Term
final absorption of water and salts occur where?
Definition
large intestine
Term
what is the result of human digestion?
Definition
semisolid feces that leave rectum and body through anus
Term
what does the gullbladder do?
Definition
stores bile
Term
CHAPTER 35 THE URINARY SYSTEM
Definition
Term
system that is unselective
Definition
digestive system (doesnt matter if its good or bad, it will try to take it in)
Term
restores and maintains the proper internal amount minerals,water,sugar,protein,fat,ect. in the body despite differences in diet
Definition
excretory system
Term
blood vessel that moves to the kidney
Definition
renal arteries(check answer)
Term
blood vessel that moves away from the kidney
Definition
renal veins
Term
functions of excretory systems:
Definition
all performed simultaneously as blood is selectively filtered by kidneys; water and nutrients returned to blood
Term
2 functions of the renal arteries (kidneys)
Definition
1) take stuff out of the blood
2) put stuff back in the blood at the right concentracion
Term
functions of the excretory systems:
Definition
1. excretion of cellular waste products
2. regulation of fluid composition (ions, water, nutrients)
3. secretion of hormones
Term
explain the process of excretion of cellular waste products
Definition
urea+ammonia (predominate waste), toxins, excessive water and nutrients collected by the kidneys and eliminated from body as urine
Term
Definition
Urea(toxic) removes ammonia (toxic) from blood. Liver converts ammonia to urea and then kidneys filter out urea and other wastes
Term
when proteins and broken down they are recycled and what is a toxic biproduct of that?
Definition
ammonia
Term
in the liver, ammonia is combined with CO2 which produces what??
Definition
Urea
Term
in the KIDNEYS, urea and other water soluable wastes are converted into what?
Definition
urine
Term
vertebrate excretory system:
kidney acts as a
Definition
filter
Term
2 main parts to the kidney:
Definition
1) renal cortex
2) ???????(where urine will form and funal into the ureter)
Term
vertebrate excretory system: (renal system)
kidney acts as the what? and what does that do?
Definition
kidney->ureters (tubes off kidney)->bladder (hollow and muscular,storage of urine)->uretha(urine exits)
Term
**when identifying structures and they ask for the right kidney, it will be to the left of the computer!!!*
Definition
Term
responsible for the retention of urine
Definition
bladder
Term
where are the 2 sphincter muscles?
Definition
1 at the base of the bladder and the other just above junction with urethra
Term
how much urine can the average adult hold? (other smaller amounts can trigger the need to go)
Definition
1 pint
Term
_____________ sense bladder fullness and trigger reflexive contractions
Definition
stretched receptors
Term
2 spjincter muscles:
the top opens _____ when bladder is full
Definition
involuntarily
Term
2 sphincter muscles:
the bottom opens _______ for unrination
Definition
voluntarily
Term
when both muscles at bladder's base relax, bladder contracts, forcing urine down urethra
Definition
urination
Term
**ex question: Urine leaves the kidneys via the ______
Definition
a) renal vein
b) bowmans capsule
****c) ureters
d)renal artery
Term
human kidney structure:
Definition
paired, bean-shaped organs, 5x3x1 inches, complex organs which resemble dense collection of nephridia(in earthworms)
Term
inside the kidney, it collects urine and funnels it into ureters
Definition
hollow innter chamber
Term
solid outer portion of the kidney that is made up of at least 1 million ________
Definition
nephrons
Term
nephron has 3 major parts: what are they?
Definition
1) blood filter
2) collector for filtrate (fluid filtered from blood)
3) long, twisted tube leads to collecting duct
Term
part of the nephron where filtration occurs
Definition
bowmans capsule
Term
anything that is not reabsorbed back into the blood stream (in capillaries) ends up leaving in the form of ??
Definition
urine
Term
in the proximal tubule, most water and nutrients are reabsorbed into the blood
Definition
tubular reabsorption
Term
in the distal tubule, additional wastes are actively secreted into the tubule from blood
Definition
tubular secretion
Term
qUiz: filtration, and tubular reabsorption and secretion during the formation of urine occurs in the:
Definition
NEPHRONS OF THE KIDNEY
Term
where is ammonia detoxified in your body?? (lookup answer)
Definition
Term
human kidney functions:
when human blood is filtered 350x daily, fine-tuning composition, Kidney failure rapidly leads to death.
Definition
homeostasis
Term
water balance is regulated by the _____
Definition
kidneys
Term
human kidney function:
when 45 gallons of H20 enter nephrons daily, most is reabsorbed, Amount reabsorbed effects (urine concentration)
Definition
water balance
Term
controls how much water is reabsorbed back into the blood. increases the permeability. MORE WATER IS ABSORBED AND LESS WATER ENDS UP IN YOUR URINE.
Definition
antidiuretice hormone (ADH)
Term
is an example of negative feedback
Definition
ADH
Term
made by hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland
Definition
ADH
Term
all of your cells are exposed to the ADH but only the cells that make up parts of the ______ respond
Definition
nephron
Term
how much ADH would you find in your bloodstream if you have a lot of water in your body?
Definition
not much because that means you are not dehydrated
Term
**DO NOT HAVE TO KNOW UNRINE FORMATION
Definition
Term
mammalian excretory systems are adapted to ___________
Definition
diverse environments
Term
mammals that live in environments with plenty of water have short loops of _____ that cannot produce concentrated urine(EX: beaver)
Definition
HENLE
Term
mammals that live in very dry environments have very long loops of _______ that CAN produce highly concentrated urine(EX: kangaroo rat)
Definition
HENLE
Supporting users have an ad free experience!