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| steps necessary for 1st organic compounds to originate |
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| assembling atmosphere, atm is over liquid water, temp of gases increases, energy provided through electrical spark discharges (lightning) |
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| ancient earths atmosphere |
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| reducing atm containing H gas, CO2, H2O, hydrogen sulfide, methane |
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| complexity, homeostasis, responds to enviroment, heredity, one or more cells |
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| began 1.5 billion years ago, oldest fossils |
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| meteors and/or cosmic dust clouds carried primitive life forms to earth which became what we know today. |
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| resulted from sexual reproduction, endosymbiosis, horizontal gene transfer, mutation |
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| binomial system biological name of organisms |
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| includes genus and species |
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| order of biological classification system |
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| kingdom, class, order, family, genus, species |
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| neurons, muscle, epithelial, connective |
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| ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm |
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| sheet like layer of cells (avascular) with thin underlying layer of non-cellular protein (basement membrane) |
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| squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
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| made of stratified squamous ith the outermost portion comprised of dead squamous cells filled with keratin |
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| non cellular protein that connects avascular epithelium to underlying, vascular CT |
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| form impenetrable connection |
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| desmosomes/anchoring junctions |
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| form flexible connections between cells, materials pass between |
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| form protein channel between two cells increasing rate of infrmation flow between cells |
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| originating from embryonic mesoderm |
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| bones extracellular matrix |
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| consists of calcium phosphate, acts as calcium reservoir |
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| specialized to produce and conduct electrochemical impulses for communication |
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| 3 components of neuron morphology |
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| dendrite receives from receptors, conveys to cell body, sends down axon toward final destination of effector muscle |
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| non-excitable, support cells |
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| oligodendrocytes and schwann cells |
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| produce myelin shesths on axon |
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| immune system not involved in |
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| portion of brain involved in fever |
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| initial response of fever |
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| aspect which is maintained |
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| expected value of regulated variable |
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| difference between set point value and actual value of regulated variable |
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| layers of alimentary canal in order |
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| mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa |
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| nerves in plexus regions of submucosa |
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| secreted by stomach cells, controls secretion of pepsinogen and HCl |
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| stimulates release of pancreatic fluid, which contains digestive enzymes and buffers |
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| protect stomach walls from low pH |
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| B12 absorption, necessary for Rbc production |
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| produce pepsinogen, activated by lower pH |
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| digestion starts in stomach |
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| produces bile and glycogen, stores vitamins, destroys old/damaged RBC, removes toxins from blood |
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| act as emulsifier/digestor |
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| triglycerides combined with proteins in small intestine. absorbed by the lacteals of the lymphatic system. |
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| part of lymphatic system, located in smal intestinal villi. absorb digested fats. |
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| secrete enzymes that act on proteins, carbs, and lipids. majority of digetive enzymes. |
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| secreted by pancreas to buffer chyme |
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| site of majority of digestion and absorption |
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| 4% of food absorption, compacts and stores undigested materials, vitamin production, resorption of salt and water. |
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| produced by intestinal bacteria |
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| serves as fermentation chamber, where bacteria degrade cellulose |
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| horse, rodent, lagomorph cellulose digeston |
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| blood is equal to interstitial fluid, circulating is equal to ECF, fluid called hemolymph. |
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| fluid is always enclosed in vessels which connect to and from heart |
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| flow is from heart to arteries to arterioles to capillares to venules to veins |
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| heart, vessels, and blood (plasma, rbc, wbc, platelets) |
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| transport of rbc, wbc, synthesis, clotting and immune defense, temp control |
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| deoxy blood moves from heart thru right ventricle, pulm semilunar valve, pulm arteries, pulm arterioles, pulm capillaries (now oxy) pulm venules, pulm veins, left atrium |
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| double pump (r to pulm, l to systemic) 4 chambers, tricupid valve between r atria and r ventricle, bicuspid/semilunar between ventricles |
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| ventricles contract forcing blood into arteries, highest number/pressure |
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| heart relaxes and blood flows into atria and ventricles, lower number/pressure |
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| connective, smooth muscle, elastic fibers, endothelium, thicker in arteries |
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| site of gas/metabolite exchange |
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| fluid movement on arteriole and venule ends of capillary bed |
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| thru osmosis, proteins in, draw fluid in |
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| fluid outside of cardio vessels |
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| lymphatic system function |
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| move lymph by skeletal muscle contractions and oneway valves, carry lipids in form of chylomicrons, helps immune |
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| metabolites, wastes, hormones, ions, albumins, globulins |
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| 1st t respond to inflammation |
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| eosinophils, macrophage, neutrophil, lymphocyte |
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| found in red bone marrow, create formed elements (rbc, wbc, platelets) of blood |
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| prothrombin becomes thrombin which activates fibrinogen into fibrin |
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| ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) vasopressin |
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| secreted from posterior pituitary, helps to regulate blood volume |
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| atrial natriuretic hormone |
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| secreted by RA in heart, eliminaton of H2O and Na+, helps to regulate blood pressure |
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| 3 things that regulate blood volume |
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| ADH, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic hormone |
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| detects changes in arterial pressure in the carotid artery and aorta |
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| volume of blood pumped by each ventricle/minute |
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| vertebrate pacemaker, initiates depolarization leading to intrinsic control of heartbeat |
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| slender connection of cardiac muscle cells, depolarization travels thru connective tissue separating atria from ventricles, then to ventricles via purkinje fibers |
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| medulla oblongata in brain stem |
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| location of CVS, monitors blood pressure thru cardiac output and resistance to flow, blood volume, oxygen and CO2 content |
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| one-way, collects excess fluid,carries fat back to circulation, removes lymph |
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| clotting cascade mechanism |
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| prothrombin-> thrombin-> fibrinogen-> fibrin |
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| P wave signals depolarization of atria, QRS complex signals depolarization of ventricles, T wave signals repolarization of ventricles (relax) |
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| no proteins, bathes tissues |
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| plasma proteins cause net absorption into capillaries on venous end |
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| gas breakdown of earths atm |
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| 78% N, 21% O2, 1% inert, 0.03% CO2 |
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| max air that can be forcibly exhaled at once |
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| rate of diffusion across membrane depends on surface area, concentration difference, and distance |
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| in larynx, covers trachea during swallowing |
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| CO2 is low, pH is high in cerebral spinal fluid, so extinguishing drive to breathe, causes constriction ofcerebral blood vessels |
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| carries 4 moleculs of O2, quarternary protein with 4 subunits, each has a heme group that contains 1 iron atom that binds to O2 |
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| more soluble than O2, easily transferred into water, 8% in plasma, 20% bound to hemoglobin, 72% forms carbonic acid that converts bicarbonate into H proton |
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| excess interstitial fluid, similar to blood plasma |
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| lymph where fats are absorbed |
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| function of lymphatic system |
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| maintain tissue fluid balance, transport fat, and part of the defenses |
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| similar to CV veins because they have oneway valves and lymph moves in by skeletal muscle contraction. |
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| exposure increases number of lymphocytes |
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| site where macrophages and lymphocytes screen lymph for pathogens |
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| areas of rapid dividing lymphocytes |
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| humoral mediated response |
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| cell mediated immune response |
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| where B and T cells mature and differentiate |
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| filters blood, macrophages remove old rbc's and foreign substances |
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| where antigens illicit an immune response |
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| non specific immunity (innate) |
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| same response each time body is exposed to specific substance. includes chemical, mechanical, inflammatory. |
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| made up of ~20 proteins circulating in the blood. promote inflammation, or attracts phagocytes |
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| chemical substances on the cell surface that kill microorganisms |
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| the process whereby chemical susbstances attract leukocytes |
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| upon injury, histamine released by mast cells, attracts phagocytes which then release interleukin-1, causes fever, which stimulates phagocytosis |
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| produce vasodilation which increases vascular permeability, attract phagocytes and a net movement of fibrin and complement proteins into ECF |
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| swelling, pain, redness, and heat |
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| substances that stimulate the adaptive immunity response. found on surface of bacteria, pollen, transplanted tissue |
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| APC antigen presenting cells |
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| specific macrophages which use their MHC proteins and pieces of a pathogens antigens to make an MHC antigen complex. activate T cells |
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