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| Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism. |
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| Made by cutting DNA into fragments, DNA is negativly charged, fragments put into jello that is positive at the end. Electricity runs through jello, long fragments move slower than fast. |
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| DNA molecules produced by combining DNA from different sources. |
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| Genes located on chromosomes that determine sex. |
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| The process in which the number of chromosomes per diploid cell is cut in half to make 4 haploid cells (gametes). Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2. |
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| Occurs in meiosis 1, exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes when they form tetrads and produces new combinations of alleles. |
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| A diagram used to determine possible gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross. |
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| Disposable copy of a segmnt of DNA. Contains Ribose, single stranded, & contains uracil instead of thymine. |
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| Occurs in the nucleus, RNA polymerase binds to DNA & separates the strands. Then the strand is used as a template from which which nucleotides are assembled into mRNA. |
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| Process that takes place in the ribosomes in which tRNA brings amino acid to codon to make amino acid strand (protein). |
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| Chages in the genetic material. |
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| A chart that shows the relationships within a family. |
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| The division of a symmiatic (body) cell nucleus resulting in 2 diploid cells. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis. |
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| Contains two long strands of nucleotides twisted in the shape of a double helix. Contains sugar (deoxyribose) + Phosphate + nitrogen bases (AGTC)conected with hydrogen bonds. |
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| Physical characteristics. |
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| Darwin noticed living things produce more than can survive, observed there were little resources. He infered that there is competition, organisms best adapted survived and passed adaptations to offspring (natural selection). |
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| Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. |
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| When chromosomes (alleles) are separated during gamete formation (anaphase 1 of meiosis) |
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| Law of Independent Assortment |
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| The process by which genes for different traits segregate independently during Meiosis 1. |
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When heterozygous individuals show a blended intermediate phenotype.
ex. Rr= pink flowers |
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When both alleles are expressed in a trait.
ex. AB blood type |
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| Carries information from DNA (nucleus) to the ribosome. |
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| Brings the amino acid (in codon) to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein. |
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| One parent reproduces offspring genetically identical to each other and their parents. Able to reproduce alot of offspring quickly. |
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| Two parents have offspring with genetic variation, helps with evolution. |
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Two or more genes contributing to a phenotype, many different variations.
Ex: skin color |
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| Organisms that have a common ancestor but separate and evolve into separate species. |
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| Characteristics of the 6 Kingdoms |
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Animals: Eukaryotes, no cell walls
Plants: Eukaryotes, cellulose cell walls
Fungi: Eukaryotes, chitin cell walls
Protists: Heterotrophic, have cell walls |
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| Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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| Single species of organism in an area. |
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| All organisms in an area. |
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| Series of environmental changes that occcurs in a community over time. |
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| Structures with similar development but have different use. |
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| Structures we don't use anymore but other organisms still use. |
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| An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. |
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| One organism bennefits and the other organism is neither helped nor harmed. |
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| One organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it. |
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| Both organisms benefit from the relationship. |
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6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis is the process in with plants use energy from sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen. |
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6O2+C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Process in which living things, in the presence of sunlight, convert foood energy from glucose into usable energy in the form of 36 ATP molecules.
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| Combines with proteins to make ribosomes. |
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Period of time in between cell divisions.
G1 phase - Cell growth
S phase - DNA replication
G2 phase - Preparation for mitosis
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The chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the centrioles separate, the spindle begins to form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
[image] |
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The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere.
[image] |
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The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosome and are moved apart.
[image] |
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The chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and loose their distinct shapes; two distinct nuclear envelopes will form.
[image] |
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The cytoplasm pinches in half.
[image] |
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