Term
|
Definition
| Prefers temperatures below 20 degrees celcius |
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Term
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Definition
| prefers saline conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Prefers temperatures between 10-45 degrees Celcius |
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Term
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Definition
| prefers temperatures above 45 degrees celcius |
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Term
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Definition
| Without O2 but with NO3- and/or NO2- |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| chrosophycae (golden algae), cryptophycae, diatoms, green algae |
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Definition
| Algae found more prevalently in oligotrophic lakes |
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Term
|
Definition
| algae found more prevalently in eutrophic lakes |
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Term
|
Definition
| total diversity (# of different organisms) |
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Term
|
Definition
| relative abundance of the populations (how evenly distributed the total # of organisms is between all species) |
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Term
| eliminate/limit nutrient addition to system |
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Definition
| One way to treat eutrophication |
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Term
| limit internal nutrient loading to system |
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Definition
| Another way to treat eutrophication |
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Term
| add copper to kill algae, add alum to precipitate phosphorus, add ferric (ferric sulfate) to precipitate phosphorus, dredge |
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Definition
| Four ways to precipitate nutrients in eutrophic system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| zone with rooted plants; shallow |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transition from warm to cold water |
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Term
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Definition
| part of lake below the thermocline |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of lake above the thermocline |
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Term
|
Definition
| fish typically found in oligotrophic lakes due to higher DO concentrations |
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Term
|
Definition
| fish usually found in eutrophic lakes to to lower DO concentrations |
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Term
|
Definition
| Total phosphorus found in oligotrophic lakes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Total phosphorus found in eutrophic lakes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chlorophyll a found in oligotrophic lakes |
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Term
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Definition
| Chlorophyll a found in eutrophic lakes |
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Term
|
Definition
| sechhi disk depth in oligotrophic lakes |
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Term
|
Definition
| sechhi disk depth found in eutrophic lakes |
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Term
|
Definition
| diversity of plankton and algae in oligotrophic lakes |
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Term
|
Definition
| diversity of plankton and algae in eutrophic lakes |
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Term
|
Definition
| density of algae in oligotrophic lakes |
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Term
|
Definition
| density of algae in eutrophic lakes |
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Term
|
Definition
| ratio of (hypo:epi)limnion in oligotrophic lakes |
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Term
|
Definition
| ratio of (hypo:epi)limnion in eutrophic lakes |
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Term
|
Definition
| device used to measure turbidity/eutrophication by lowering into water until it is no longer visible, then measuring the depth at which this occurs |
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Term
| addition of nutrients such as N and P |
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Definition
| an inorganic cause of eutrophication |
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Term
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Definition
| example of a non point source of pollution into a river |
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Term
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Definition
| example of a point source of pollution into a river |
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Term
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Definition
| all molecules containing C except carbon oxides, carbonates, and carbides. Typically can be degraded (to CH4 or CO2) |
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Term
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Definition
| heavy metals, pH, alkalinity (carbonates). Usually can't degrade them, only change into another form/species. |
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Term
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Definition
| consequence of non-toxic organic pollution |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins, carbs, fats, petrochemicals |
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Term
| Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) |
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Definition
| measure of how much O2 will be consumed when organic pollutants are degraded by aerobic organisms |
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Term
| DO levels drop at the effluent due to BOD consumption, then increase back to normal levels downstream |
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Definition
| What happens to DO along a river with a WWTP effluent |
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Term
| BOD increases at the effluent (source of BOD), then decreases as all is consumed. |
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Definition
| What happens to BOD along a river with a WWTP effluent |
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Term
|
Definition
| first stage of PCR where double stranded DNA is separated into single stranded so it can be copied. |
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Term
|
Definition
| second stage of PCR where F and R primers are bound to single stranded DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| third stage of PCR where DNA polymerase fills in complementary nucleotides |
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Term
| 1 min at 94 degrees celcius |
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Definition
| duration and temperature of denaturation |
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Term
| 45s at 54 degrees celcius |
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Definition
| duration and temperature of annealing |
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Term
| 2 min at 72 degrees celcius |
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Definition
| duration and temperature of extension |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used for phylogenetic analysis of bacterial populations, as it's conserved among all bacteria, it's long enough to provide space for sequence variability between individual bacteria (1542 base pairs) |
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Term
| negative; will migrate towards "+" pole in electrophoresis |
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Definition
| charge of DNA (positive or negative) |
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Term
|
Definition
| separates DNA by size; small pieces migrate faster than large pieces |
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Term
|
Definition
| a sequence of nucleotides (base pairs) |
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Term
|
Definition
| oligonucleotide applied in PCR reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| oligonucleotide used to hybridize directly (in situ) |
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Term
| Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
| process used to copy parts of DNA selected for phylogenetic analysis of species, gene function, etc. Run about 30 times to get many, many copies |
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Term
| genomic DNA, nucleotides (A,T,G,C), TAQ polymerase, F (forward) and R (reverse) primers, possibly Mg(2+) as a cofactor for polymerase |
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Definition
| ingredients to PCR reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| transfers DNA code into mRNA in transcription |
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Term
|
Definition
| mRNA used to generate amino acids in the ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| combines amino acids (in the ribosomes?) |
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Term
| difficulties of using DNA replication in a cell for analysis |
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Definition
| getting enough DNA is difficult; also don't want to extract the DNA 5000 times. Better to use PCR |
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Term
| Process of cell DNA replication |
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Definition
| DNA uncoils by helicase, primer is attached to DNA molecule at starting point, DNA polymerase fills in bases along complementary strand |
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Term
|
Definition
| fills in bases along complementary strand of DNA; also proofreads and corrects errors in the copied DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| uncoils DNA at start of replication process |
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Term
| Factors influencing microbial growth |
|
Definition
| temp, food source, e- acceptor, inhibitory effects (radiation, pH, competition, etc), nutrients, # of cells/organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| "doubling;" describes how many microorganisms grow. A function of original cell concentration. |
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Term
|
Definition
| "warming up;" microorganisms turning on their biochemical pathways/producing necessary enzymes. Closer new environment is to old, shorter the lag. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs with relatively infinite resource pool compared to organism concentration. u = umax. growth rate >> death rate |
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Term
|
Definition
| growth rate of microorganisms ~= death rate |
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Term
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Definition
| original food ~ 0; remaining organisms feast on the bodies of their dead comrades- called "endogenous decay/respiration." Growth rate < death rate. Decreases nearly linearly by decay rate constant kd |
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Term
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Definition
| number of generations; n = t(time)/td(doubling time) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| bacterial concentration at time t |
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Term
|
Definition
| maximum attainable number of cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| substrate concentration at half maximum growth rate (mg S/L) |
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Term
|
Definition
| maximum specific growth rate (1/t) |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| u~umS/ks (inversely proportional to Ks) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| u - um*s/(Ks + S) - b ; b ~ 0.1/d for aerobic heterotrophs and ~ 0.03/d for digester microorganisms |
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Definition
| How to incorporate cell death into growth rate formula |
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Term
|
Definition
| mass of new cells produced/mass of substrate consumed. Typically ~ 0.4 mg VSS/mg BODu. |
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Term
|
Definition
| greater for higher energy yielding (easy to digest) foods like carbs, proteins, lipids... lower for toxic organics |
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Term
|
Definition
| typical yield for aerobic heterotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
| typical yield for nitrifiers |
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Term
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Definition
| typical yield for denitrifiers |
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Term
|
Definition
| typical yield for methanogens, who use H2 as an e- donor |
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Term
|
Definition
| typical um for aerobic heterotrophs |
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Term
|
Definition
| typical um for nitrifiers |
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Term
|
Definition
| typical um for denitrifiers |
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Term
|
Definition
| typical um for methanogens |
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Term
|
Definition
| rate of substrate utilization (gBOD/(gvss*d)) |
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Term
|
Definition
| typical r(su) for aerobic heterotrophs |
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Term
|
Definition
| typical r(su) for nitrifiers |
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Term
|
Definition
| typical r(su) for denitrifiers |
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Term
|
Definition
| typical r(su) for methanogens |
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Term
|
Definition
| examples: sugars, starches, cellulose, glycogen. "ose" = sugars. Ribose, Deoxyribose. Composed of C,H, and O |
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Term
|
Definition
| "fats." include fatty acids, waxes, phospholipids, log-chain aliphatics. The longer the 'R' the less soluble in water |
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Term
|
Definition
| has a hydrophobic (non-polar) and hydrophilic (polar) part. Allows non-polar mcs to dissolve in water. ex: soap. |
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Term
|
Definition
| lipids. Includes cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, vitamins A, D, and E. |
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Term
|
Definition
| typically composed of C, O, H, N, S; also Fe and P. Molecular weights 10-100000 g/mol. Composed of amino acids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| building blocks of proteins. About 20 of them make up the bulk of all proteins. |
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Term
|
Definition
| glycine, alanine, histoline, cysteine, tryptophan |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of bond that links two amino acids in proteins. See diagram. |
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Term
|
Definition
| polymers of amino acids. Also called proteins. |
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Term
|
Definition
| very important for function; required in proper form in order to perform |
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Term
|
Definition
| proteins that catalyze reactions. Names end in "ase." ex: lactase reacts with lactose. Often require coenzymes and cofactors (such as many vitamins) |
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Term
|
Definition
| made of nucleotides: pyramidine or purine base + ribose or deoxyribose + 1 or more phosphates. SEe diagram. |
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Term
| Adenine - Thymine; Guanine-Cytosine |
|
Definition
| Nucleotide pairings for DNA |
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|
Term
| Adenine - Uracil; Guanine - Cytosine |
|
Definition
| nucleotide base pairings for RNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| how nucleotide base pairs link together. Note: they fold, and GC is stronger than AT or AU |
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Term
|
Definition
| a 3 base pair sequence that stands for a code |
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Term
|
Definition
| codons that tell mRNA to stop/start |
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Term
|
Definition
| synthesize amino acids sequence from mRNA |
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Term
| Aderosine Triphosphate: ATP. ATP -> ADP + P + energy |
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Definition
| energy carrier; stores energy in phosphate bonds. glycolysis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| ATP, ADP, FAD, NAD, GTP. Store chemical energy for the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| phosphate dissolves in water. Step 1 of the phosphorus cycle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| DiP assimilated into organisms. Step 2 of phosphate cycle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Some PO4(3-) returned to water in waste production. Step 3 of phosphorus cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
| releases DiP back into water. Step 4 of phosphorus cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
| DiP precipitates and settles. Step 5 of phosphorus cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
| =dissolved organic P + particulate P (organic not dissolved) + phosphate (not organic) |
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Term
|
Definition
| total phosphorus level for eutrophic lake |
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Term
|
Definition
| total phosphorus levels for oligotrophic lake |
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Term
|
Definition
| most limiting for aqueous systems |
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Term
|
Definition
| most limiting for terrestrial systems |
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Term
|
Definition
| dominant form of inorganic P in natural water. Highly insoluble in water. Forms precipitates/complexes easily. |
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Term
|
Definition
| organic matter + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + new cells + stable products |
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Term
|
Definition
Raw sewage: 200-300
Good quality sewage effluent: <20
Good quality river water: <3
High strength vegetable processing wastewater: 10,000
Textile wastewaters up to 20,000 |
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Term
|
Definition
Sewage effluent
Urban runoff (less BOD, more COD)
Industrial wastes
Agricultural wastes
Mining wastes |
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|
Term
| Management practices for pollution |
|
Definition
-storage tanks, settling tanks, retention ponds
-minimize impervious areas
-natural drainage systems (swales, etc)
-regulate dumping, land application of fertilizers/pesticides, materials used in vehicles |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| not in the natural source - i.e. in the lab |
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Term
|
Definition
| suspended solids. To manage pollution, create buffer zone/catch system between source and water. |
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Term
|
Definition
| BOD generated by animal waste. Management practice: Lagoons. |
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Term
| Nutrient (N + P) management |
|
Definition
| excess nutrients generated by runoff/excess fertilizer. Prevent excess fertilizer application, create catchment system to prevent nutrients from ending water. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| primary reason why DO levels are high near the bottom of oligotrophic lakes |
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Term
|
Definition
| a polymerase. quite heat tolerant. |
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