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Definition
| Enzyme produces cAMP from ATP and inhibited by extracellular glucose. EG is high, Intracellular cAMP are low, vis-versa. |
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Definition
| Second Messenger, binds to calmodulin receptor. CA2+/CAl activates proteins. |
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Definition
| Synthesized when glucose is decreased, is a regulatory molecule, gives green light for CAP+ to go. |
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Definition
| removal of phosphate of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| addition of phosphate group to a substrate. Exergonic ADP electrons and phosphate group have less potential energy than in ATP |
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Definition
| The connection between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells in plants. Have proteins that regulate passage of specific proteins. Communication portals |
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Definition
| Structures in animal tissues that connect adjacent cells. Specialized proteins create channels between cells allowing water, ions, and small molecules like amino acids, sugars, and nucleotides to move. |
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Term
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Definition
| Information carrying molecules that are secreted from aplant or animal cell, circulates in the body, and act on target cells far from the original cell that sent the signal. Bind to receptor molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone bind to receptor. Identical Receptors allow for long distant signals to coordinate. They are dynamic (sensitivity change over time), and can be blocked (beta blocker) |
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Term
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Definition
| receptors respond to them inside cell, because they readily diffuse through plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| protein t hat changes its shape and activity after binding to a signal molecule. physical conformation is changed when a hormone binds to them. |
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Term
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Definition
| converts an intercellular signal to an intracellular signal. (extracellular to intracellular) |
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Term
| signal transduction pathway |
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Definition
| intercellular signal binds to receptor protein in membrane, signal trandsuction, signal amplification, and signal response in nucleus to target gene DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Peripheral membrane proteins. When activated by signal receptor, they trigger signal transduction. They link the receipt of an extracellular signal to production in tracellular signal. Bind GTP and GDP. Activated when bound to GTP, inactivated when phosphate group leaves GDP |
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Term
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Definition
| Peripheral membrane proteins. When activated by signal receptor, they trigger signal transduction. They link the receipt of an extracellular signal to production in tracellular signal. Bind GTP and GDP. Activated when bound to GTP, inactivated when phosphate group leaves GDP |
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Term
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Definition
| non protein signaling molecule that elicits a response to the first messenger.( signal arrived at cell surface) |
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Term
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Definition
| signal that arrived at cell surface involved with G proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
bacteria(prokaryotes)
Genetic Mutations/Disorders-point mutation,aneuploidy
Viruses-Common cold, flu, sars, HIV
prions-Mad Cow |
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Term
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Definition
| single base change (base pair substitution) DNA polymerase inserts wrong base as it synthesizes new strand of DNA, causes variation in color. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meiotic error where both homolgs or both sister chromatids move to the same pole of the parent cell, produces abnormal chromosome number. Gametes end with 2 copies or no copies of particular chromosome. |
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Term
| Meiosis with no Mistakes? |
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Definition
1. chromosome in each homologous pair must seperate from each other during first meiotic division, so that one homolog ends up in each daughter cell.
2. Sister chromatids must seprate from each other and move to opposite poles of dividing cell during meiosis 2. |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring have abnormal number of particular chromosomes, 2 many or 2 few. (without-form) Results form the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| zygote with 3 copies of the same chromosome. Down syndrome. "21" |
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Term
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Definition
| zygote with one copy of the same gene. 2n-1 |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 in 700, or 1 in 666. extra copy of chromosome 21. trisomy. Mistake during meiosis in one of the parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| More than 2 complete sets of chromosomes. common in plants, rare in animals. Salmon and trout have 4 sets. |
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Term
Triploid
Tetraploid
Octaploid |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Not Cells.small infectious particles consisting of nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat, and sometimes, a membranous envelope. Not alive because lack five attributes of life. Enter host cell, use their machinery |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA or RNA virus, can be single or double stranded |
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Term
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Definition
| protein shell built from protein subunits called capsomeres |
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Term
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Definition
| protein sub units that enclose viral genome and make up the capsid protein shell |
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Term
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Definition
| Some viruses have this and surround hte capsids of influenze viruses and many other found in animals. Derived from host cell membranes, and contain virus and host cell molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| reproduce only in host cells. packaged set of genes. lack metabolic enzymes and ribosomes for making proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| attachment, entry of phage DNA and degradation of host DNA, synthesis of viral genomes and proteins, assembly, and release. |
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Definition
| viruses that reverse transcribe their genome. RNA back to DNA. HIV. |
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Term
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Definition
| the genome is first transcribed from RNA to DNA by this iral enzyme. an enzyme that is a DNA polymerase that makes a single stranded complementary DNA from a single RNA template. It removes the RNA strand and catalyzes the synthesis of a complementary DNA strand. |
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Term
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Definition
| slow acting, virtually indestructable infectious proteins that cause brain disease in mammals. converte normal proteins into prion versions. stanley prusiner.10 to 20 year latency.convert other proteins to same structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| normal prion protein, found on membrane of multiple tissues ( bind copper molecules) |
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Term
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Definition
| normal prion protein, found on membrane of multiple tissues ( bind copper molecules) |
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Term
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Definition
| infectious, misfolded form PrPc.responsible for formation of amyloid plaques that lead to neuro degeneration |
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Term
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Definition
| destroy them by denaturing proteins, resist to heat and radiation, protease enzyme activity |
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Term
| basic pathway of gene expression in eukaryotic cell |
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Definition
| transcription in nucleus, transcription in cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that are responsible for first level of DNA packing in chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| inheritance of traits by mechanisms that do not involve changes in nucleotide structures. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mechanism for DNA packaging, positive control, activation of genes through binding of a regulatory protein and unpacks DNA and opens it for transcription. cooh3- |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanism for dna packaging, methyl groups, ch3 activation or inactivation. attached to histone protein tails |
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Term
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Definition
| protrude outward that are accessible for chemical modification |
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Term
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Definition
| link between environment and disease |
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Term
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Definition
| fungiside used on grapes and other fruits. anti-androgen. cause decrease in sperm and motility in next 4 generations in rats |
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Term
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Definition
| transmission of traits from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| the transmission of traits from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| shows that offspring differ somewhat in appearance from parents and siblings |
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