Term
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Definition
| bind transcription factors, then RNA polymerase to promoter region |
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Term
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Definition
| make the full length mRNA transcript |
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Term
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Definition
| stop transcribing; mRNA completed |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleotide sequences, hundreds or thousands of nucleotides long |
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Term
| When a single pre-mRNA molecule is made in one of your cells, how much information does it contain? |
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Definition
| the genetic code for one allele from one chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| A polymer of nucleotides (A, T, G, C) in a specific order (e.g., …GGACCTTAG…) |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of going from one “language” to another in 2 fundamental steps |
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Term
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Definition
| A polymer of amino acids (e.g., alanine, glycine, etc.) in a specific order |
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Term
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Definition
| several dozen nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| untwists DNA, and makes mRNA |
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Term
| summary of elogation and transcription |
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Definition
1.RNA polymerase untwists and separates 10-20 base pairs of DNA at a time.
2.This opens space for RNA nucleotides to come into the site of mRNA & synthesis base pairing of RNA nucleotides with the DNA template.
3.RNA polymerase catalyzes the addition of correct nucleotides onto the 3’ end of the RNA molecule.
4.RNA polymerase moves along, the new RNA molecule peels away from the DNA, and the helix re-twists |
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Term
| How does transcription stop in bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does transcription stop in eukaryotes? |
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Definition
-enzymes that cut the transcript free
-another enzyme “chases” RNA polymerase |
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Term
| Average human pre-mRNA transcript length |
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Definition
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Term
| Average human protein contains |
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Definition
| 400 amino acids & requires only 1200 nucleotides |
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Term
| Before RNA transcripts leave the nucleus.. |
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Definition
they are modified.
1.Alteration of ends
2.Cutting out some of the middle
--> offers cell a way of controlling when and where protein is produced |
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Term
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Definition
| Cutting out some of the middle |
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Term
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Definition
| “self-splicing” --> catalyze their own excision! |
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Term
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Definition
1.Alternative splicing --> alternative mRNA-->multiple proteins from a single DNA sequence
2.The possibility of “exon shuffling” may facilitate evolutionary change |
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Term
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Definition
- A, T, G, and C in DNA
-(A, U, G, and C in RNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| 20 are commonly used by most organisms |
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Term
| The genetic code consists of : |
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Definition
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Term
| sequence of 3 nucleotides = |
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Definition
| specification of amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in the 5’ to 3’ direction, because that is how they are read by the translation machinery |
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Term
| When we say “codon”, we are referring .. |
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Definition
| implicitly to the RNA triplets |
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Term
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Definition
1.Facilitates the coupling of mRNA codons with tRNA anticodons
2.Provides a physical site for translation in which all the participating molecules find their proper spatial arrangement
3.Catalyzes formation of peptide bonds |
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Term
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Definition
-be information carriers
-catalyze chemical reactions
-be carriers of the building blocks for proteins
-have complex three-dimensional structure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the RNA transcript produced initially during transcription in eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| messenger RNA = the (processed) RNA transcript molecule that will actually be translated |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer RNA = the RNA molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| ribosomal RNA = RNA that forms the structure of the ribosome |
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Term
| Initiation of translation |
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Definition
| Small ribosomal subunit binds both mRNA and initiator tRNA, then “scans” for start codon --> correct reading frame |
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Term
| The redundancy in the genetic code arises because |
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Definition
| some amino acids are coded for by multiple codons |
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Term
| Suppose a mutation in DNA caused a “stop codon” to appear prematurely in an mRNA transcript. What effect would this have? |
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Definition
| cause a shortened version of the protein to be produced (i.e., a version with fewer amino acids) |
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Term
| A mutation in DNA which causes a change in one letter of a codon could |
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Definition
-have no effect
-change one amino acid in a protein
-cause a protein to have fewer amino acids than normal
-cause a protein to have more amino acids than normal |
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Term
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Definition
| Switching one nucleotide for another |
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Term
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Definition
Adding or removing a nucleotide
--> can create frameshift |
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Term
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Definition
| a duplicate copy of an exon or whole gene is created in the genome |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hair and nail cells express |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Two ways to regulate metabolism |
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Definition
many bacterial genes are switched “on” or “off” by metabolic status of cell:
1. regulation of enzyme activity
2. regulation of enzyme production |
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Term
| 2 steps in gene regulation of bacteria |
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Definition
1.turning multiple genes “on” and “off” in concert
2.doing so at the appropriate times |
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Term
| Steps to turning multiple genes on and off |
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Definition
-All 5 genes are clustered together
-Single promoter serves all 5 genes one big transcription unit
-One long mRNA is translated into 5 polypeptides |
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Term
| In bacteria, how could ONE long mRNA be translated into FIVE polypeptides? |
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Definition
| the mRNA is punctuated with stop and start codons signaling where one polypeptide stops and the next begins |
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Term
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Definition
| the “on-off switch” that controls the access of RNA polymerase to the genes |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA polymerase can bind when nothing is bound to the operator |
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Term
| What happens when tryptophan is absent? |
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Definition
| repressor inactive,operon on |
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Term
| Whether most repressor molecules are active or inactive depends upon .. |
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Definition
| relative concentrations of tryptophan and repressor protein |
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Term
| TWO COMPLEMENTARY MECHANISMS of DIFFERENTIATION |
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Definition
Cytoplasmic Determinants
- before fertilization, when eggs are made
-maternally derived
-seeds of differential gene expression
Inductive Signals
-once there are multiple cells
-substance from outside a cell (e.g., signal from nearby cell) influences
cell’s gene expression |
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Term
| Induction is a process where… |
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Definition
| signaling molecules from embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in nearby cells |
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Term
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Definition
| development of spatial organization of tissues and organs |
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Term
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Definition
| molecular cues that tell a cell its location |
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