Term
| An individual homozygous for a trait RR is crossed with a heterozygous Rr. The proportion of the offspring produced by these parents that show the dominant trait is expected to be...(in %) |
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Definition
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Term
| In humans, assume that brown eyes is dominant and blue eyes are recessive. If two brown eyed individuals have a child with brown eyes you can conclude that... |
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Definition
| you need more info to conclude anything |
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Term
| The study of heredity was pioneered by a austrian monk named... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the physical apearance or expression |
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Term
| What does the term "dominant" mean |
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Definition
| one allele can mask the expression of another |
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Term
| an individual with two recessive alleles of a single trait would have the genotype... |
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Definition
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Term
| An organism that is heterozygous for a particular gene has... |
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Definition
| two different alleles for that gene |
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Term
| The central dogma of molecular biology states that ___is transcribed into ____which is then translated into______ |
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Definition
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Term
| All deoxyribonucleaotides are similar except for... |
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Definition
| the type of base included |
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Term
| The amount of adenine in DNA is equal to the amount of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA and DNA are identical in... |
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Definition
| phosphates contained in their nucleotides |
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Term
| The Importance of the structure DNA lies in its resulting ability to... |
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Definition
| make copies of itself with very few errors, encode information for synthesis of proteins, and store information that varies amung human beings. |
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Term
| Tha fact that DNA structure is based on pairs of bases impies that it... |
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Definition
| consists of two strands that contain complementart btu not identical information |
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Term
| a deoxyribose nucleotide is a... |
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Definition
| deoxyribose sugar plus a nitrogenous base and a phosphate. |
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Term
| When DNA is copied prior to cell division... |
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Definition
| two new strands are formed but half of each new strand consists of previously existing DNA |
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Term
| The weakest bonds in DNA are found... |
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Definition
| between the complimentary bases |
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Term
| What isSNA a true variability in DNA? |
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Definition
| DNA diversity lies in differneces among bases in nucleotides. |
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Term
| What is true of the DNA in cells found in your foot and found in your brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| During DNA replication... |
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Definition
| the parental strands must seperate so that both can be copied. |
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Term
| The type of RNA involved in translating information in a sequence of nucleotides to a sequence of amino acids is... |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of RNA is involved in transcribing information stored in DNA to RNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of RNA that is largely structural and forms part of ribosomes is... |
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Definition
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Term
| A codon is a three nucleotide sequence that pairs with a complimentary three nucleotide sequence called an anticodon. Codons are found within... |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of RNA that has binding sites for both RNA and amino acids is... |
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Definition
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Term
| The Codon AGU will bind with the anticodon... |
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Definition
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Term
| A codon is a three nucleotide sequence that pairs with a complimentary three nucleotide sequence called an anticodon. Anticodons are found within... |
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Definition
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Term
| A mutation results in the substituron of the codon UGC with UGS and a stop codon located whee a codon for the amino acid and cysteine had previously been found. This is an example of... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the best desciption of a gene? |
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Definition
| a section of DNA that contains information for synthesizing a particular protein. |
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Term
| The only source of completely brand new genetic material into a population is... |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is true of mutations when referring to importance for evolution? |
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Definition
| they occasionally result in more evolutionarily fit organisms |
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Term
| What is true of a mutation? |
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Definition
-may result in sunthesis of the same protein as a non mutated gene
-may be passed on to other cells only within the affected organism
-may be passed on to offspring through mutations in gametes |
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Term
| Cance is best described as... |
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Definition
| uncontrolled cell division |
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Term
| About 85% of all human tumors involve epithelial cells that are called... |
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Definition
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Term
| A tumor supressor is a gene that is... |
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Definition
| associated with tumor formation when its product malfunctions |
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Term
| In some instances is is desirable to haev access to many copies of a particular gene. Rather than relying on an organism ro produce its own copies of the gene____are used to rapidly produce many copies of this gene. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cloning is the generation of an organism having the same DNA as another previously existing organism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Double stranded DNA looks like a twisted ladder...the side supports of teh ladder are what? |
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Definition
| alternating sugars and phosphates |
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Term
| What best describes stem cells? |
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Definition
| undifferentiatied cells that have the potential to give rise to any type of cell |
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Term
| Insertion of a new gene into cells of a person with a genetic disorder is known as... |
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Definition
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Term
| A tumor that is localized and does nto spread to other body parts is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Cancer effects cells in epithelial tissues at a higher rate than other types of tissues because... |
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Definition
| epithelial celss usually divide very often and their DNA is copied very often |
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Term
What is not a nitrogenous base found in DNA?
-Uracil,THymine,Guanine,Adenine |
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Definition
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Term
| The role that RNA plays in cell function could best eb described as... |
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Definition
| an intermediate between DNA and proteins |
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Term
| Environmental agents that may cause mutations and genetic disorders that affect DNA adn lead to cancer are known as... |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of cancers are caused by genetic mutations? |
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Definition
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Term
| A mutation can be best described as... |
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Definition
| a change in the DNA of an organism |
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Term
| When a cell breaks down glucose for fuel or a piece of wood burns in a stove for fuel the end products of both reactions are |
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Definition
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Term
| C6H12O6, is one of the most common fuels in living things. Whta does that stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are metabolic pathways in living things effecient? |
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Definition
| fuels or food sources are converted to many shot-lived metabolic intermediates, most metabolic pathways involve many different enzymes, the products of one reaction usually feed into teh next enzymatic reaction. |
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Term
| Metabolic reactions are highly specific due to the action of... |
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Definition
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Term
| The reaction ADP+P--->ATP |
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Definition
| is constantly occuring in cells |
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Term
| Many of the reactions in metabolic pathways involve breakdown of molecules and result in output of energy from the reaction. These types of metabolic reactions are examples of... |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP are produced for use by the cell during glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| During what stage of cellular respiration is the most CO2 produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose adn other fuels are organic and contain carbons, the carbons consumed in food adn used as a source of energy by cells are expelled from teh body in teh form of.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Energy in food consumed is eventualy delivered to the electron transport system not in the form of bonds butb in the form of... |
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Definition
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Term
| The energy currency of cells-the form of chemical energy that they use to do work is... |
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Definition
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Term
| During the Krebs Cycle there are a total of how many ATP produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| During what cycle is oxygen consumed and water formed? |
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Definition
| electron transport system |
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Term
| The metabolic pathway that occurs in the mitochondrial membrane is... |
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Definition
| Electron transport system |
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Term
| Oxygen that we breathe eventually leaves our bodies in what form? |
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Definition
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Term
| In photosynthesis light energy is directly converted to chemical energy by... |
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Definition
| photosynthetic pigments such as cholorophyll |
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Term
| In photosynthesis light energy is directly converted to chemical energy by... |
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Definition
| boosting electrons to higher energy levels |
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Term
| During the phases of photosynthesis that require light... |
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Definition
| ATP is produced for later use |
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Term
| ATP is generated in photosynthesis by... |
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Definition
| movement of protons down a concentration gradient through an enzyme that joins ADP and Pi |
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Term
| The source of carbons for synthesis of carbohydrates during photosynthesis is... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| glucose is generated in photosynthesis by... |
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Definition
| using ATP to join carbons, oxygens and hydrogens to form sugars |
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Term
| CHlorophyll containing organisms usually apear green because... |
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Definition
| light of blue and red are obsorbed and green is reflected |
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Term
| The form in which energy is stored at teh end of the light independant phases of photosynthesis adn final product of photosynthesis is... |
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Definition
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Term
| After chlorophyll has given up electrons during photosynthesis electrons are stripped from what to replace the electrons that chlorophyll has lost adn to return chlorophyll to a stable form |
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Definition
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Term
| What are hereditary units that code for synthesis of a particular protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the level at which genetic information is copied prior to cell division |
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Definition
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Term
| What are different versions of a gene referred to as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rats have 60 chromosomes, therefore cells produced by rats during meiosis have how many chromosomes? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is true of homologous chromosomes? |
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Definition
| they are similar in size adn shape, one comes from one parent and the other from the other parent, they seperate during meiosis I. |
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Term
| How many chromosomes and homologous pairs do humans have? |
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Definition
| 46 chromosomes and 23 pairs |
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Term
| Genetically identical cells are produced during cell division called... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| some primitive organisms reproduce asexually through cell division called... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many cell divisions does meiosis consist of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to DNA prior to cell division |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| during the second major phase of meiosis... |
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Definition
| chromosomes and their duplicates seperate |
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Term
| organisms that reproduce sexually produce haploid cells that fuse tot give rise to a new individual. Sperm and egg are examples of this... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| fusion of one gamete with another is referred to as... |
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Definition
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Term
| In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells_____consists of proteins and _____, which contains many______ |
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Definition
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Term
| At the end of mitosis two cells are produced that... |
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Definition
| are genetically identical to teh original cell |
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Term
| Genes are contributed to an offspring from two parents in the form of... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cell division could be best described as the basis for... |
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Definition
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Term
| Human cells have a maximum of how many alleles for a particular gene or trait? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the maintenance of a relativly stable internal environment in living things? |
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Definition
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|
Term
A charachteristic shared by all living things is cellular organization. This refers to the fact that... |
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Definition
| individual cells are organized in their structure and function, and the cells of many organisms are organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems. |
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Term
| single celled organisms grow in the sense that... |
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Definition
| they build structures, replace worn out parts, adn synthesize and distrubute materials |
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Term
| What arises from repeated observation and testing and incorporates predictions expiraments and tests that are widely accepted over time? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is it easier to disprove something rather than to prove it? |
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Definition
| even if a hypothesis is accepted, there still may be other viable hypotheses |
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Term
| The study of chemistry is relevant to biology becuase... |
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Definition
| there are thousands of biochemical reactions taking place in the cells of living things every minute |
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Term
| What element is the structure of all biologically important macromolecules based? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the building blocks of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Glycogen, starch and cellulose are complex carbohydrates formed by many _____molecules bound together |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A macromolecule that consists of repeating amino acid subunits would be... |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A macromolecule that consists of repeating nucleotide subunits would be... |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a macromolecule that consists of repeating nucleotide subunits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do nucleotides consist of? |
|
Definition
| a base, a 5 carbon sugar, adn phosphate |
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|
Term
| What does it mean to say that water molecules are polar? |
|
Definition
| water being a good solvent |
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|
Term
| What percent of living things is water? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Insects that skim along the surface of water take advantage of the property of_________ which is due to the ______ among water molecules |
|
Definition
| surface tension/hydrogen bonds |
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|
Term
| How can water absorb and store large amounts of heat while increasing only a few degrees in temperature? |
|
Definition
| a large amount of energy is used to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules rather than raise the temperature. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| they are the smallest entity in which life occurs |
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|
Term
| Many of teh important thermal properties of water that are important for sustaining life result from... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
| DNA, ribosomes, adn proteins |
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|
Term
| What is a key element of the cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
| gives a cell its shape and support |
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|
Term
| What is the fluid inside of a cell that contains water, proteins, adn small molecules? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| WHat is true abotu mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| enclosed in a double membrane |
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|
Term
| What organelle is the site of protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organelle is responsible for storing and processing information? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What organelle is associated with photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHere is the information that serves as teh basis for synthesixing proteins stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What major functions would you expect of a cell taht contains many many mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| movement, transport of materials or other labor intensive processes |
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|
Term
| The movement of molecules across teh cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is best described as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the movement of water across teh cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What type of a molecule would not easily pass through a cell membrane? |
|
Definition
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