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bio exam chap 14 and 19
bio exam
56
Biology
Not Applicable
05/01/2015

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Term
The population size of a species capable of being supported by the environment is called its ________.
Definition
carrying capacity
Term
Species with limited resources usually exhibit a(n) ________ growth curve.
Definition
logistic
Term
A country with zero population growth is likely to be ________.
Definition
economically developed
Term
The maximum growth rate characteristic of a species is called its ________.
Definition
biotic potential
Term
Which of the following is best at showing the life expectancy of an individual within a population?
Definition
life table
Term
Which of the following is not a way that humans have increased the carrying capacity of the environment?
Definition
using large amounts of natural resources
Term
Species that have many offspring at one time are usually:
Definition
r-selected
Term
Decomposers are associated with which class of food web?
Definition
detrital
Term
Which type of country has the greatest proportion of young individuals?
Definition
economically underdeveloped
Term
When an invasive species alters the community structure it is introduced to, what can the consequence be?
to everyone else.
A
extinction of economically important species
B
reduced predation on some native species
C
increased predation on some native species
D
all of the above
Definition
D
all of the above
Term
Human populations have which type of survivorship curve?
Definition
type I
Term
A symbiotic relationship where both of the co-existing species benefit from the interaction is called ________.
Definition
mutualism
Term
A forest fire is an example of ________ regulation.
Definition
density-independent
Term
The first species to live on new land, such as that formed from volcanic lava, are called________.
Definition
pioneer species
Term
Aristotle was one of the first _________, people who observe life from a scientific perspective.
Definition
naturalist
Term
In the 1800s, __________ was studying Bio geography.
Definition
Alfred Wallace
Term
What evidence proves evolution occurred?
Definition
1) Biogeography
2) Comparative morphology
3) the Fossil Record
Term
What is biogeography?
Definition
-Study of patterns in the geographic distribution of species and communities.
Term
study of body plans and structures among groups of organisms.
Definition
comparative morphology
Term
fossil
Definition
physical evidence of an organism that lived in the ancient past
Term
vestigial body parts
Definition
Body parts that have
no apparent function,
such as leg bones in
snakes and tail bones
in humans, were also
confusing
Term
Deeper layers of rock held fossils of simple marine life; layers
above them held similar but more ________
Definition
fossils complex
Term
In the 19th century _________ believed catastrophic geological events would have caused extinctions, after which surviving species repopulated the planet. (catastrophism).____________species gradually improved over generations because of an inherent drive toward perfection, up the chain of being.
Definition
George Cuvier, Jean Lamarck
Term
_________ He was the British naturalist who
became famous for his theories of
evolution and natural selection.
Definition
Charles Darwin
Term
• When environments changed, organisms
had to change their ________ to survive.
• If they began to use an organ more than
they had in the past, it would ______ in
its lifetime.
• Meanwhile organs that organisms stopped
using would ________.
Definition
behavior,increase, shrink
Term
From 1831 to 1836 Darwin served as naturalist aboard the _________ on a British science expedition around the world.
Definition
H.M.S Beagle
Term
- In South America Darwin found fossils of extinct animals that were _______to modern species.
- On the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean he noticed many ______ among plants and animals of the same general type as those in South America.
Definition
simliar, variation
Term
• _________, a clergyman and economist,
wrote essay that Darwin read on his return to
England. He argued that as population size increases, resources dwindle, the struggle to live intensifies, and conflict increases.
Definition
Thomas Malthus
Term
What are the observations and conclusions of Darwin?
Definition
Observation #1 Species reproduce as many
offspring as possible.
• Observation #2 Resources are limited.
• 1st conclusion: Competition for limited
resources will lead to a struggle for existence.
• Observation #3 Individuals vary in their traits.
• Observation #4 Variation among individuals is
heritable.
• 2nd conclusion: Survival is not random.
Instead, individuals with best traits are more
likely to survive and reproduce.
Term
a process in which environmental pressures result in the differential survival and reproduction of individuals of a population who vary in the details of shared, heritable traits.
Definition
Natural selection
Term
A population can change over time when
individuals differ in one or more heritable traits
that are responsible for differences in the
ability to survive and reproduce.
Definition
Darwin's main theory
Term
Darwin's theories
1. Evolution did occur!
- 2. Evolutionary change was
_________, requiring thousands to
millions of years.
- 3. The primary mechanism for
evolution was a process called
__________.
- 4. The millions of species alive
today arose from a single original
life form through a branching
process called ___________.
Definition
1. Evolution did occur!
- 2. Evolutionary change was
gradual, requiring thousands to
millions of years.
- 3. The primary mechanism for
evolution was a process called
natural selection.
- 4. The millions of species alive
today arose from a single original
life form through a branching
process called "specialization."
Term
The great diversity of life on earth-ranging from bacteria to elephants and roses, the change that occurs in organisms' characteristics through time.
Definition
evolution
Term
A population or group of populations that possess similar characteristics and can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Definition
Species
Term
Same things (ex. bones) are sometimes still present just put to a different use.
Definition
Homologous structures
Term
Similar-looking features.
Definition
Analogous structures
Term
What are the five agents of evolution?
Definition
Mutation, migration, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, and selection.
Term
The periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding.
Definition
Migration
Term
The gradual changes in gene frequencies in a population due to random events.
Definition
Genetic drift
Term
Mating among individuals on the basis of their phenotypic similarities or differences, rather than mating on a random basis.
Definition
Nonrandom mating
Term
A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.
Definition
Selection
Term
Individuals with certain genotypes sometimes mate with one another either more or less frequently than would be expected on a random basis, a phenomenon
Definition
nonrandom mating
Term
when selection acts to eliminate both extremes from an array of phenotypes
Definition
stabilizing selection
Term
selection acts to eliminate the intermediate type resulting in the two more extreme phenotypes becoming more common in the population
Definition
disruptive selection
Term
when selection acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes the alleles determining this extreme become less frequent in the population
Definition
directional selection
Term
heereditary disease affecting hemoglobin molecules in the blood
Definition
sickle-cell disease
Term
species that exist in different areas are not able to interbreed
Definition
geographical isolation
Term
groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups
Definition
biological species concept
Term
populations whose members do not mate with each other or who cannot produce fertile offspring
Definition
reproductively isolated
Term
species occur in the same area but they occupy different habitats. survival of hybrids is low because they are not adapted to either environmental of their parents
Definition
ecological isolation
Term
species reproduce in different seasons or at different times of the day
Definition
temporal isolation
Term
species differ in the mating rituals
Definition
behavorial isolation
Term
structural differences between species prevent mating
Definition
mechanical isolation
Term
gametes of one species function poorly with the gametes of another species or within the reproductive tract of another species
Definition
prevention of gamete fusion
Term
In 1858, he wrote a join conclusion with Darwin, and in '59 Darwin published their book, "The Origin of Species"
Definition
Alfred Wallace
Term
(1766-1834) Economist who wrote essays and were used by Darwin.
Definition
Thomas Malthus
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