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Bio Exam 3
systems
60
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/31/2012

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Cards

Term
What is the tube that branches off the trachea and enters the lungs?
Definition
Bronchus
Term
What is the tube that goes from the nasal cavity and carries air to the lungs?
Definition
Trachea
Term
What is the area at the back of the throat?
Definition
Pharynx
Term
What is the thin muscle that divides the chest cavity and the abdominal cavity?
Definition
Diaphragm
Term
What is the larynx?
Definition
Voice Box
Term
What accounts for 90% of lung cancer cases?
Definition
Smoking
Term
What increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes?
Definition
Smoking
Term
What kills about 440,000 people a year?
Definition
Smoking
Term
What is responsible for premature aging of the skin, resulting in characteristic wrinkles around the mouth and on the face?
Definition
Smoking
Term
How does oxygen move from the alveoli to to the capillaries?
Definition
Diffusion
Term
How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin molecule carry?
Definition
Four
Term
What inorganic molecule does hemoglobin contain, to which oxygen binds?
Definition
Iron
Term
What does hemoglobin carry as a waste product of metabolism?
Definition
CO2
Term
What process do humans breath by, in which where air is sucked into the lungs due to difference in air pressure?
Definition
Negative - Pressure Breathing
Term
What direction do arteries take blood?
Definition
Away from the heart
Term
What direction do veins take blood?
Definition
Toward the heart
Term
What plasma protein is involved in blood clotting?
Definition
Fibrinogen
Term
What is the matrix in which blood cells are suspended?
Definition
Plasma
Term
What are capillaries?
Definition
Term
What proteins interfere with the ability of a virus to infect cells neighboring an infected cell?
Definition
Interferons
Term
What branch of the immune system is not antigen specific?
Definition
Innate Immune System
Term
Which cell type makes antibodies?
Definition
B cells
Term
What cells are infected by HIV?
Definition
Helper T cells
Term
Where did HIV come from
Definition
It mutated from a virus in chimpanzees
Term
What cells attack virus-infected cells directly?
Definition
Cytotoxic T cells
Term
What enzyme is used to make a copy of HIV's RNA genome into proviral DNA?
Definition
Reverse transcriptase
Term
HIV is most likely to be found in what secretions?
Definition
Genital Secretions, Blood, and Breast Milk
Term
What does AIDS stand for?
Definition
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Term
What is the skin cancer that is often seen in AIDS patients?
Definition
Kaposi's Sarcoma
Term
What is the hierarchy after cells to the whole organism?
Definition
tissues, organs, organ system, organism
Term
What is tissue?
Definition
A group of cells with a common structure and function
Term
What type of tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities?
Definition
epithelial tissue
Term
What type of epithelial tissue looks like it has multiple layers when it really only has one?
Definition
Pseudostratefied
Term
Blood and adipose tissue are both classified as what type of tissue?
Definition
Connective tissue
Term
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Definition
skeletal, smooth and cardiac
Term
What are organs made up of?
Definition
Tissues
Term
Skin, hair, and nails belong to what organ system?
Definition
Integumentary system
Term
MRI technology takes advantage of the behavior of what in molecules?
Definition
Hydrogen Atoms
Term
What is the thickest layer of the skin containing blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, muscles, etc.?
Definition
Dermis
Term
What animals live in or on their food source?
Definition
Substrate feeders
Term
What process, caused by altering waves of contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles along the digestive tract, moves the food through?
Definition
Peristalsis
Term
What muscular ring-like valves regulate the passage of food into and out of the stomach?
Definition
Sphincters
Term
What flap of tissue keeps food from going into the trachea?
Definition
Epiglottis
Term
What structures help to increase the surface area for digestion and absorption in the small intestine?
Definition
Villi and microvilli
Term
What are the external barriers of vertebrate innate immunity?
Definition
Skin, secretions, and mucus membranes
Term
What are the internal barriers of the vertebrate innate immune system?
Definition
White blood cells (Phagocytic cells, and NK cells) and defensive proteins (compliment, interferon, inflammation)
Term
What are the signs of inflammation?
Definition
pain, redness, swelling and heat
Term
Most antigens are made of one of what two substances?
Definition
Proteins and Polysaccharides
Term
What is the main role of antibodies?
Definition
To mark foreign molecules for destruction
Term
What is the molecule on the T cell surface that HIV binds to?
Definition
CD4
Term
What is the molecule on the surface of the HIV virion that binds to the T cell?
Definition
gp120
Term
What is the enzyme that integrates the proviral DNA into the genomic DNA?
Definition
Integrase
Term
What route is the most effective way of transmitting HIV, with a 90% transmission rate?
Definition
Via blood
Term
What are the ways that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child?
Definition
Transplacentally, at the same time of delivery through the birth canal, or through breast milk
Term
What node in the heart regulates heartbeat?
Definition
pacemaker or SA node
Term
Damage or death of the cardiac muscle due to a blockage is call what?
Definition
A heart attack or myocardial infarction
Term
Myeloid stem cells give rise to all types of blood cells except what?
Definition
Lymphocytes (both B and T)
Term
What smooth muscle bands in the capillaries can help regulate blood pressure?
Definition
Precapillary sphincters
Term
What is defined as accumulation of fluid in a tissue?
Definition
Edema
Term
Barry Marshall supported the hypothesis that bacteria caused stomach ulcers by doing what?
Definition
Drinking a culture of bacteria taken from a patient with stomach ulcers.
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