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Definition
| is symbiotic association between photosynthetic microorganism and fungus in which millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae |
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Definition
(Cryphonectria parasitica) Chestnut Blight- is a fungal disease for chest nut trees
10-50% of fruit harvest each year is lost to for fungal attack.
Some give off toxins |
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Definition
| the term for disease caused by fungi |
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Definition
Use in Blue Cheese
Used to make citrus acid for soft drinks
Used for antibiotics (penicllium)
Yeast which ferment sugars to alcohol and CO2 which lightens the weight of bread or baking product. |
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Definition
| Animals ingest first before digesting. |
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Definition
| A succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth between division cycles |
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Definition
| Cleavage leads to this multi-cellular stage which in many animals takes the form of a hollow ball |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a solid ball of cells (64 Cells) |
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Definition
| in this stage layers of embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body parts are produced. An in-folding of the blastula to produce germ layers |
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Term
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Definition
Zygote
Embryo
Morula
Blastula
gastrula |
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Definition
| Refers to inside more definitively the beginning of the digestive track. |
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Term
| Protostome Vs Deuterostome |
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Definition
Protostomes
Sprial cleavage (Vertical cell division are diagonal)
determinate Cleavage (the fate of each embryological cell are set early)
enterocoely- the coelom is gaps in mesoderm tissue that form from out pockets in endoderm
Deuterostomes
Radial Cleavage
indeterminate (cell fates are set rather late)
Twins are possible
Schizocoely- coelom forms by splits occurring within mesoderm
Doesn't apply to sponges |
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Definition
| is the first opening in the development of the zygote |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Colonial Choanoflagellates |
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Term
| Major cellular component of sponges |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Similar collar cells in sponges and in other animals and have not been observed in any other kingdoms |
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Term
| 1 billion-500 million Neoproterozic |
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Definition
| The fossil record shows an exposion of new speices called the ediacaran biota and show sponges and ediacaran in the fossil record. Small mainly softbodied. |
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Term
| 500 million- 250million Paleozoic |
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Definition
| Cambrian Explosion a huge increase in the number of species. Before this only a few animal phyla. About half of all the phyla in the this period show up in this time period. Fish where top predators, plants and insects come out on land. Verdibrates also went to land. |
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Term
| Causes of the Cambrian Explosion |
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Definition
New predator prey relationships driven by natural selection
Increase in oxygen atmosphere allows larger and faster organisms
Hox gene gave the flexibly of developing multiply appendages (control genes)
Muti Cellularity- which gives a benefit of division of labor (some cells work on movement, others reproduction, etc) |
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Term
| 250 miilion -65 million Mesozoic |
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Definition
| Ends with the demise of the dinosars |
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Term
| 65 million to today Cenozoic |
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Definition
| Mammals came to dominant the landscape. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a set of morphological and developmental traits, integrated into a functional hole-the living animal |
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Term
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Definition
| A form found in a flower pot, usually have an oral side (bottom) and aboral |
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Term
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Definition
Anterior (the head front)
Ventral (bottom side Belly)
Posterior (Back end)
Dorsal (top side) |
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Definition
| Living attached to a substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| Drifting or weakly swimming such as jelly fish. |
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Term
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Definition
| A germ layer covering the exterior of the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| between the ectoerm and endoderm (bones blood muscle) |
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Term
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Definition
| thin most germ layer, lines the developing digestive tube. |
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Term
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Definition
| thin most germ layer, lines the developing digestive tube. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the coelom is not completely lined with mesoderm. |
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Term
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Definition
protection against shocks
Internal Organs have a space to grow and develop
Organs and move with out changing the outer shape of the animal
Provides a space for storing gamates or food. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comparing DNA, RNA, Amino Acids |
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Term
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Definition
1. All animals share a common ancestor. (protobiont)
2. Sponges are basal animals (they are the most primitive)
3.Eumetazoa- is a cade (group) of animals with true tissues.
4 Most animal phyla belong to the clade bilateria
5. Chordates and some other phyla belong to the clade Duterostomia |
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Definition
| Periodic loss of the entire outer covering all at once. |
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Definition
| Animals which secrete external skeletons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Animals with either a lophophore or trochophore larva. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a crown of tenticails that have cilia on them for the function of feeding |
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Term
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Definition
| is a distinctive phase of development with cilia around the middle, top, and bottom. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| They capture food partials suspended in the water that passes through their body. |
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Term
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Definition
| they line the interior of spongocoel |
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Term
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Definition
| Are Heterotrophs that feed by absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| This is accomplished by secreting powerful hydrolytic enzymes into their surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| a network of tiny filaments, consist of of tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Is what fungal cell walls are straightened with opposed to cellulose like in plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
| hyphae form an interwoven mass that infiltrates the material on which the fungus needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| the hyphae are divided into cells by this |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi that lack septa, have a continuous mass having hundreds or thousands of nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| A specialized hyphae which the fungus use to extract nutrients from-or exchange nutrients with their host |
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Term
| mycorrhizae (fungus Roots) |
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Definition
| mutually beneficial relationships between such fungi and plant roots |
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Term
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Definition
| Form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a rootand also grow into the extra cellular spaces of the root cortex. |
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Term
| Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi |
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Definition
| extend their branching hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The union of two cytoplasms of two parent mycelia |
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Term
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Definition
| Mycelium contain coexisting, genetically different nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| Haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell, one from each parent. |
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Term
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Definition
| The haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse, producing diploid cell. Zygotes form during this stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi that reproduce asexually by growing filamentous fungi that produce spores by mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi that produce that have no sexual stage |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to posterior location of the flagellum in these organisms (fungi, animal and protistains) |
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Term
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Definition
| have new body cavity other then the gut. |
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Term
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Definition
| Free living and mostly marine. |
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Term
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Definition
| is an attachment organ for the tape worm. |
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Term
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Definition
| off-springs diploid DNA is identical to DNA of 1 parent (asexual reproduction) |
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Term
| Parthenogenesis (asexual) |
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Definition
| lay diploid eggs (rotifers, aphids, fish, geckos) |
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Term
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Definition
| New individual grows on the side of the adult and drops off. Hydra, other cnidarians |
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Term
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Definition
| A piece of the adult gets knocked of and grows a new individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| is extremely rare, produce egg and sperm in the same body (earthworms) can't fertilize them selves. So sperm fertilizes the egg of the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| is extremely rare, produce egg and sperm in the same body (earthworms) can't fertilize them selves. So sperm fertilizes the egg of the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| As a gastropod embryo develops, its visceral mass rotates up to 108 degrees, causing the animals anus and mantle cavity to wind up above its head. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mollusc species contain a feed organ that has backward curved teeth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shade a cuticle not as tough as chitin |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid called hemolymph is propelled by the heart through short arteries and then into spaces called sinuses. Molluscs and arthropods |
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Term
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Definition
Crustaceans- gills
Chelicerates- Book lungs
incects- tracheal tubes |
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Term
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Definition
| the young resemble adults but are smaller, have different body proportions, and lack wings |
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Term
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Definition
| Insect goes through a larva stage specialized for eating and growing. |
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Term
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Definition
Larves differ from adult
morphology
habitat
sexual maturity
food |
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Term
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Definition
| Uni-cellualr Ancestor of fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the earliest fungal groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Molds grow on fruits and breads |
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Term
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Definition
| Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Fungi Decomposing Organic material |
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Definition
| including the cellouse and lignin of plant cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi that live inside plant leaves or other plant parts without causing harm. Most are ascomycetes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is only found in animals a structural protein used for structural support |
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Term
| Specialized cells only found in animals |
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Definition
| Muscle cells and nerve cells |
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Term
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Definition
| is a sexually immature form of an animal that is morphologically different from the adult. |
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Term
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Definition
| A developmental transformation that turns the animal into a juvenile, which resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature |
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Term
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Definition
| earliest fossils found of muticellular eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| An evolutionary trend where sensory equipment is concentrated at their anterior end, including a central nervous system (brain) in the head |
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Term
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Definition
| Include animals that only have two germ layers. |
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Term
| Feature of all bilaterally symmetrical animals |
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Definition
| they all have a third layer called mesoderm between the ectoderm and endoderm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Is the central cavity of the sponge |
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Term
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Definition
| A large opening at the top of the sponge |
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Term
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Definition
| known as collar cells line the interior of the spongocoel |
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Term
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Definition
| known as the middle matter, is located between layers of 2 cells in the sponge |
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Term
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Definition
| named for their use of pseudopodia functions include moving food and water from the choanocytes, digest it and carry the nutrients to other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a central digestive compartment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Which derive their name from the series of bones that make up the vertebral column, or backbone |
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Term
| Derived Characters of Chordates |
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Definition
| Notochord- Located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord, made of large fluid filled cells encased in fairly stiff, fibrous tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube located dorsal to the notocord. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fins, supported mainly by bony rays for which the group is named, are modified for maneuvering, defense, and other functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the presence of rod-shaped bones surrounded by a thick layer of muscle in their pectoral and pelvic fins. |
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Term
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Definition
| are gnathostomes (have jaws). |
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Term
| Signgicant charter of tetrapods |
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Definition
| gives the group its named which means four feet. |
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Term
| Derived Traits of Terapods |
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Definition
the head is separated from the body of the neck that originally had one vertebra on which the skull could move only up and down.
Pg. 710 for rest |
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Term
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Definition
for the major derived character of the clade, the amniotic egg.
Use rib cage to ventilate their lungs. (more efficient then throat-based ventilation)
Fertilization is internal |
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Term
| amniotic egg Four Specialized membranes |
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Definition
Amnion-Protects the embryo against mechanical shock
Chorion-exchanges gases between the embro and the air
Yolk Sac- Nutrients
allantois- used for waste |
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Term
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Definition
| they do not use their metabolism extensively to control their body temperature, but to use behavioral adaptions. |
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Term
| Weight saving modifications for birds |
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Definition
no urinary bladder
females usually only have one ovary
Gonads are small during non breeding season
toothless which trims the weight of the head |
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Term
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Definition
Feathers are made of protein called keratin (light weight protien)
Muscles are attached to a keel
pg718 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Both have diaphragm muscles
Larger brains
longer parental care
Differentiated teeth (teeth with different functions) |
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Term
| Three major groups in mammals |
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Definition
Monotremata-mammals that lay eggs, no nipples, young suck from fur. (platypus, echidna. The egg laying is ancestral character with amniotes
Marsupialia- Don't lay eggs, young born as partially developed embryos, complete embryoic development inside of a pouch. Higher metabolic rates then the monotremes (opossums, koala, kangaroos)
Eutherians- have placentals |
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Term
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Definition
Monotremata
Marsupialia
Primates
Sirenia
Carnivora
cetaceans
Rodentia |
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Term
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Definition
Lemurs, Lorises, pottos tarsiers
Anthropoids-
New World Monkeys- have a tail that can grasp
Old World Monkeys- have a tail but can't grasp
Apes
Gibbons
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
Humans |
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Term
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Definition
| Have bigger brain then other primates |
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Term
| Derived Charater of Humans |
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Definition
Human stand upright or bipedal
Reduced Jaw bones and jaw muscles
Shorter Digestive tract (food choice) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An action carried out by muscles or glands carried out by the nervous system in response to a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
the scientific study of how animals behave, particular in their natural enviroments
(proximate Causation) 1. What stimulus effects their behavior, and what physiological mechianisms mediate the response.
(proximate Causation)2 How does the animals experiences during growth and development influence the response?
(Ultimate Causation) 3. How does behavior aid survival and reproduction?
(Ultimate Causation)4. What is the behaviors evolutionary history? |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequence of unlearned acts that is essentially unchangeable and, once initiated, usually carried out to completion. |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a movement toward or away from a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a regular long distance change in location. |
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Term
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Definition
| The trigger for action behavior is an external cue. pg 1121 |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus transmitted from one animal to another |
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Term
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Definition
| the transmission and reception of signals constitute animal communication |
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Term
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Definition
| a loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new information, |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of a specific stage in life of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is the scientific study of the interactions of organisms and their environment. |
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Term
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Definition
Organismal-How an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges posed by its environment.
Population- factors that effect population size
Community- interactions between species (predator-prey, food chain)
Ecosystem-energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to where an organism can be found. |
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Term
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Definition
| is movement away from where the species originated. |
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Term
| Introduced Species/ exotic |
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Definition
| When humans bring species to a place to they have not originated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Taking species back to where they are native. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Temperature, water, rain fall, salinity, sunlight, rocks and soil, |
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Term
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Definition
| Product of the system turns the system on higher |
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Term
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Definition
| product of the system can turn off the system. |
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Term
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Definition
| major terrestrial or aquatic life zones with particular physical and vegetation factors |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| is the pattern of distribution |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Have no predators
Not the food for the native predators |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| disturbance effects on communities |
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Definition
| Middle size disturbances-cause the most increases in species |
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Term
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Definition
| Transition of change in the species composition of a community following a disturbance |
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