Which of the following characteristics is found only in the hydra and other cnidarians?

1. nerves arranged in a net with no central control

2. brain or ganglia providing centralized control in the cephalic area

3. selective organization of neurons to specific functional regions

4. nerve ring around the mouth

As the invertebrate nervous system evolved, what trends took place?

1. increased number of nerve cells

2. specialization of function

3. cephalization

4. all of the choices

Which of the following nervous-system components is part of the central nervous system?

1. sensory receptors

2. sympathetic nerves

3. parasympathetic nerves

4. spinal cord

What subdivision of the developing vertebrate brain gives rise to the cerebrum?

1. telencephalon

2. diencephalon

3. mesencephalon

4. metencephalon

Unlike brains of amphibians and reptiles, mammalian brains display extensive convolutions of the _____ to increase surface area.

1. olfactory bulb

2. cerebrum

3. cerebellum

4. medulla

The outermost of the three layers of meninges that cover the human spinal cord is called_____. 

1. pia mater

2. arachnoid

3. dura mater

4. cortex

The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience is termed _____.

1. learning

2. explicit memory

3. neural plasticity

4. implicit memory

Which of the following structures is not part of the somatic division of the peripheral nervous system?
1. receptors that react to changes in the external environment

2. sensory neurons that inform the CNS of changes in the external environment

3. motor neurons that adjust the positions of skeletal muscles for posture and balance

4. receptors within the viscera that relay information to the CNS to maintain homeostasis

Sympathetic systems differ from parasympathetic ones in that _____.

1. sympathetic nerves stimulate organs and mobilize energy, and parasympathetic ones reduce activity and conserve energy

2. parasympathetic nerves stimulate organs and mobilize energy, and sympathetic ones reduce activity and conserve energy

3. sympathetic systems use a single efferent neuron, and parasympathetic systems use a relay of two neurons between the CNS and the effector

4. sympathetic postganglionic neurons secrete acetylcholine, while all parasympathetic neurons secrete norepinephrine

Receptors that transduce a physical touch directly into electrical signals are called _____.

1. chemoreceptors

2. electroreceptors

3. mechanoreceptors

4. nocicepto

Many snakes have a pit organ on the head that detects _____.

1. differences in electrical potential

2. heat

3. carbon dioxide

4. movemen

Which of the following correctly compares electroreceptors and electromagnetic receptors?

1. Electromagnetic receptors sense differences in electrical potential generated by muscle activity; electroreceptors sense changes in the Earth’s magnetic field.

2. Electroreceptors sense differences in electrical potential generated by muscle activity; electromagnetic receptors sense changes in the Earth’s magnetic field.

3. Electromagnetic receptors are present in the lateral line organs of fish; electroreceptors are found in the heads of certain fish.

4. Electroreceptors are a specialized type of electromagnetic receptor adapted for marine environments.

Which mammalian touch receptor senses deep pressure, but adapts quickly?

1. Merkel disks

2. Meissner corpuscles

3. Ruffini corpuscles

4. Pacinian corpuscles

Which of the following is true of the lateral line organ in fish?

1. Lateral line organs detect vibrations in the water when currents bend hair cells that produce their own action potentials.

2. The lateral line organ is composed of a long canal called the cupula that is lined with hair cells.

3. The lateral line organ is an organ of equilibrium that allows fish to position themselves right side up.

4. Lateral line organs detect vibrations in the water when currents bend hair cells that release neurotransmitter.

Which of the following correctly compares the function of the saccule and utricle with the semicircular canals?

1. The saccule and utricle are part of the vestibular apparatus, which maintains equilibrium; the semicircular canals are involved in auditory perception.

2. The semicircular canals are part of the vestibular apparatus, which maintains equilibrium; the saccule and utricle are involved in auditory perception.

3. The saccule and utricle convey information about head tilt or linear acceleration; the semicircular canals signal angular acceleration.

4. The semicircular canals convey information about head tilt or linear acceleration; the saccule and utricle signal angular acceleration

Which inner ear structure has otoliths that press against stereocilia, stimulating them to initiate impulses?

1. semicircular canals

2. saccule only 

3. utricle only

4. both saccule and utricle

Vibrations move hair cells of the _____ against the tectorial membrane, depolarizing the hair cells and sending auditory signals to the brain.

1. organ of Corti

2. semicircular canal

3. saccule

4. lateral line organ

In the vertebrate eye, the _____ regulates the size of the pupil.

1. retina

2. iris

3. lens

4. cornea

In the vertebrate eye, the cells which work best in bright light, detect color, and allow perception of detail are _____.

1. rods

2. cones

3. bipolar cells

4. ganglion cells

Which neurons in the retina are responsible for relaying visual information from rods and cones to the optic nerve?

1. bipolar cells

2. ganglion cells

3. horizontal cells

4. all of the choices

Humans have three types of cones, corresponding to three colors of light, which does not include _____.

1. blue

2. green

3. red

4. yellow

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are _____.

1. plasma proteins

2. erythrocytes

3. gamma globulins

4. granular leukocytes

Which component of vertebrate blood contains the fibrinogens, globulins, and albumin? 

1. serum

2. plasma

3. red blood cells

4. white blood cells

Which of the following does not occur during the blood clotting process?
1. prothrombin is converted to thrombin

2. the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen is converted to insoluble fibrin

3. prothrombin is manufactured in the bone marrow

4. fibrin polymerizes, forming the webbing of the clot

Which type of blood vessel contains no smooth muscle or connective tissue?

1. artery

2. arteriole

3. vein 

4. capillary

Two atria and two ventricles separate oxygen- rich blood from oxygen-poor blood in the hearts of mammals and _____.

1. fishes

2. reptiles

3. amphibians

4. birds

At the beginning of ventricular systole, _____.

1. atria contract, pushing blood through open tricuspid and mitral valves into ventricles

2. pressure in ventricles drops; semilunar valves close, causing second heart sound

3. ventricles contract; tricuspid and mitral valves close; first heart sound occurs

4. blood flows from veins into relaxed atria

Parasympathetic vagus nerves release _____, which _____ the heart rate.

1. acetylcholine, speeds

2. norepinephrine, speeds

3. acetylcholine, slows

4. norepinephrine, slows

Blood pressure is determined by _____.

1. cardiac output 

2. blood volume

3. resistance to blood flow

4. all of the choices

Which of the following is a characteristic of veins?

1. valves to prevent backflow of blood

2. lack of smooth muscle tissue

3. precapillary sphincters

4. high blood pressure

A major function of the lymphatic system is _____.

1. to collect and return interstitial fluid to the blood

2. to launch immune responses against disease organisms

3. to absorb lipids from the digestive tract

4. all of the choices

Fluid in _____ is called _____.

1. blood vessels, plasma

2. tissues, interstitial fluid

3. lymphatic vessels, lymph

4. all of the choices

The ________ lobe contains the visual cortex.

1. frontal
2. parietal
3. temporal
4. occipital

1. occipital

The ________ connects the two cerebral hemispheres.

1. limbic system
2. corpus callosum
3. cerebellum
4. pituitary

Neurons in the ________ control motor reflexes. b.thalamus

d.spinal cord

f.parietal lobe

h.hippocampus

d.spinal cord