Term
|
Definition
| The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cellular uptake of macromolecules and particulate substances by localized regions of the plasma membrane that surround the substance and pinch off to form an intracellular vesicle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism within the domain Eukarya that contains a complex cell or cells in which the genetic material is organized into a membrane-bound nucleus or nuclei. The Kingdoms under the domain Eukarya include Animalia, Fungi, Plantae and Protista. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reproduction in which an organism produces one or more clones of itself, such as by fission or budding, or reproduction without the fusion of gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A taxonomic category, the second most broad after Domain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A membrane enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A full set of genetic material, consisting of paired chromosomes one chromosome from each parental set. Most animal cells except the gametes have a diploid set of chromosomes. The diploid human genome has 46 chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mature male or female germ cell possessing a haploid chromosome set and capable of fusing with a gamete of the opposite sex to produce a fertilized egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An amoeboid cell that moves through tissue fibers, engulfing bacteria and dead cells by phagocytosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity. A gene is an ordered sequence of nucleotides located in a particular position on a particular chromosome that encodes a specific functional product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organelles in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A single set of chromosomes (half the full set of genetic material), present in the egg and sperm cells of animals and in the egg and pollen cells of plants. Reproductive cells, like eggs and sperm, are haploid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two chromosomes are said to be homologous when they have the same loci in the same positions for all the genes they contain, besides being of the same length. Homologous chromosomes have the same overall genetic content, and one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes in inherited from each parent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as nuclear envelope, the membrane in eukaryotes that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of several formed bodies with specialized function, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A karyotype is the complete set of all chromosomes of a cell of any living organism. The chromosomes are arranged and displayed (often on a photo) in a standard format: in pairs, ordered by size. Karyotypes are examined in searches for chromosomal aberrations, and may be used to determine other microscopically visible aspects of an individual's genotype, such as sex (XX vs. XY pair) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Special type of cell division by which eggs and sperm cells are made involving reduction from a diploid to a haploid chromosome set. Two successive nuclear divisions with only one round of DNA replication generate four haploid cells daughter cells from the initial diploid cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process where two cells (gametes) fuse to form one fertilized cell or zygote. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (plural, chiasmata) Point of attachment between homologous chromosomes at which crossing over takes place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The complex of DNA and proteins that make up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exchange of genetic material between homologous but non-sister chromatids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associate proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The more open, uncompacted form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A paired set of homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids. Tetrads form during prophase I of meiosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in its chromatin structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stage in mitosis following the metaphase, in which the centromeres divide and the chromatids lined up on the spindle begin to move apart toward the poles of the spindle to form the daughter chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. In this phase chromosomes and organelles are duplicated and cell size may increase. Interphase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The star shaped cluster of microtubules radiating from the polar microtubule organising centre at the start of mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A partition formed during cell division in plants and some algae that separates the two newly formed daughter cells. This process entails the delivery of Golgi-derived vesicles carrying cell wall components to the plane of cell division and the subsequent fusion of these vesicles within this plane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large protein complexes that cross the nuclear envelope. Nuclear pores allow the transport of water-soluable molecules across the nuclear envelope. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cylindrical structures, found in animal cells, that are composed of groupings of microtubules arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern. They help to organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The basic, beadlike unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a protein core composed of two copies of each of four types of histone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus that contains the centrioles and serves to organize microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The most condensed and constricted region of a chromosome to which the spindle fiber is attached during mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The division of the cytoplasm of a cell following division of the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The stage of mitosis and meiosis, following prophase and preceding anaphase, during which the chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any of the minute fibers located throughout the cytoplasm of cells, composed of actin and functioning primarily in maintaining the structural integrity of a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An endocrine gland located adjacent to the kidney in mammals; composed of two glandular portions: an outer cortex, which responds to endocrine signals in reacting to stress and effecting salt and water balance, and a central medulla which responds to nervous inputs resulting from stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any of the proteinaceous cylindrical hollow structures that are distributed throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, providing structural support and assisting in cellular locomotion and transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between the two poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any of a group of barbituric acid derivatives that act as central nervous system depressants and are used as sedatives or hypnotics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that bind ATP and are able to move on a suitable substrate with concomitant ATP hydrolysis. Most eukaryotic motor proteins move by binding to a specific site on either actin filaments or on microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical compounds that contain oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon atoms, and no other elements. They consist of monosaccharide sugars of varying chain lengths. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stage of mitosis in which replicated chromosomes condense; nuclear membrane dissociates; centrioles migrate to the poles of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| State in Mitosis characterized by the breakdown of the nuclear envelope (in eukaryotes), and the formation of kinetochores at the centromeres of the chromosomes. The chromosomes begin to attach the microtubules. Once each chromosome is attached to microtubules at each kinetochore, and the chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell, the cell has reached metaphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A flattened membrane disk which makes up the Golgi apparatus. A typical Golgi has anywhere from 3 to 7 cisternae. The cisternae carry Golgi enzymes to help modify cargo proteins traveling through them destined for other parts of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two identical copies of a parent chromosome which are attached to one another at the centromere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Final stage of mitosis in which the two sets of separated chromosomes decondense and become enclosed by nuclear envelopes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that is involved in the response to stress; it increases blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and suppresses the immune system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A globular protein which, in the dimer form, represents the building block of microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A class of plant hormones that have a variety of effects, such as phototropic response through the stimulation of cell elongation, stimulation of secondary growth, and the development of leaf traces and fruit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A critical control point in the cell cycle where stop and go signals can regulate the cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The capacity to absorb a drug continuously or in large doses without adverse effect; diminution in the response to a drug after prolonged use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that are essential for normal cell development and adult somatic cell maintenance. These proteins bind to other proteins at checkpoints to prevent cell division if the conditions are unfavorable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The face of the Golgi apparatus where vesicles from the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum enter and proceed to further compartments known as the medial sacs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cyclins are a family of proteins involved in the progression of cells through the cell cycle. They are regulatory proteins in which their concentration fluctuates cyclically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A complex of the regulatory protein cyclin with the catalytic protein Cdk that regulates the cell cycle by selectively phosphorylating various protein substrates at different stages of the cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The series of sacs in between the cis and trans face of the Golgi apparatus where contents undergo further processing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A class of related plant hormones that retard aging and act in concert with auxins to stimumlate cell division and influence the pathway of differentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The face of the Golgi apparatus from which coated transport vesicles are sent off to their final destinations. |
|
|
Term
| Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) |
|
Definition
| EGF is a growth factor protein that promotes cell growth and differentiation, is essential in embryogenesis, and is important in wound healing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that must be present in the extracellular envioronment for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any one of the many circulating chemical signals found in all multi-cellular organisms that are formed in specialized cell, travel in body fluids and coordinate the various parts of the organism by interacting with target cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease characterized by the rapid and uncontrolled growth of aberrant cells into malignant tumors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An atom that has gained or lost electrons, and therefore has a charge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical agent that causes cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cancerous tumor that begins in the cells that produce skin coloring, called melanocytes. Melanoma is almost always curable in its early stages. However, it is likely to spread, and once it has spread to other parts of the body the chances for a cure are greatly reduced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The spread of cancer cells from one organ or body part to another area of the body. This movement of tumor growth occurs as cancer cells break off the original tumor and spread by way of the blood or lymph system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A gene found in viruses or as part of the normal genome that is involved in triggering cancerous characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A normal cellular gene corresponding to an oncogene; a gene with a potential to cause cancer but that requirse some alteration to become an oncogene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The asexual reproductive process used by most prokaryotes, which results in the reproduction of a living cell by division into two equal, or near equal, parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A period in the cell cycle during interphase, between mitosis and the S phase. For many cells, this phase is the major period of cell growth during its lifespan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The final stage of interphase. It follows the S phase and is considered a "gap" phase in which the cell continues to grow and duplicates in preparation for mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The abbreviation for Adenosine Diphosphate, a nucleotide composed of adenosine and two linked phosphate groups, that are converted to ATP for the storage of energy. |
|
|
Term
| Hershey and Chase Experiment |
|
Definition
| A series of experiments conducted in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase that identified DNA to be the genetic material of phages and, ultimately, of all organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The abbreviation for Adenosine triphosphate, An adenosine-derived nucleotide that contains high-energy phosphate bonds and is used to transport energy to cells for biochemical processes, including muscle contraction and enzymatic metabolism, through its hydrolysis to ADP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The non-divisional stages of the cell cycle. Although mitotic activity and cytokinesis do not occur in interphase, replication of DNA does |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme that allows protons to move through the mitochondrial membrane and trigger phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitochondrion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Period of the eucaryotic cell cycle during which the chromosomes are condensed and the nucleus and cytoplasm divide. Mitosis and cytokinesis occur in this phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of division of somatic (non-sex) cells in which each daughter cell receives the same amount of DNA as the parent cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Period of a eucaryotic cell cycle in which DNA is synthesized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Purine base in DNA and RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Pyrimidine base in DNA and RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Material found in the eukaryotic nucleus; consists of DNA and proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A single copy of a chromosome before replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A structure of compact, intertwined molecules of DNA found in the nucleus of cells which carry the cell's genetic information. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 in all. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hypothesis about the origin of the eukaryotic cell, maintaining that the forerunners of eukaryotic cells were symbiotic associations of prokaryotic cells living inside larger prokaryotes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deoxyribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life. It is usually found in the form of a double helix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between adjacent 3' hydroxyl and 5' phosphoryl groups in a DNA molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein that unwinds double-stranded DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A derivative of riboflavin that functions in certain oxidation-reduction reactions in the body as a coenzyme of various flavoproteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme that synthesizes DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The shape of DNA, much like a spiral staircase or twisted ladder. The stairway's railings are composed of sugars and phosphates. Its sides contain the patterned base pairs: A, T, C, and G. DNA is a right-handed double helix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point of fermentation or aerobic respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A five-carbon sugar in DNA; it lacks a hydroxyl group on the 2' carbon atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low molecular weight protein found in eukaryotes that complexes with DNA to form chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The abbreviation for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA strand that is replicated discontinuously |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA strand that is 3' elongation into the replication fork and is replicated continuously. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nitrogen-containing base that is one of the three parts of nucleotide. The four nitrogenous bases of DNA are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organic molecules consisting of a nitrogenous base joined to a five-carbon sugar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the structural components, or building blocks, of DNA and RNA. A nucleotide consists of a base (one of four chemicals: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) plus a molecule of sugar and one of phosphoric acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short stretch of newly synthesized DNA; produced by discontinuous replication on the lagging strand, these fragments are eventually joined together by DNA ligase. |
|
|
Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sequence of nucleotides where replication is initiated. In prokaryotes it is known as Ori |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A product of glycolysis that is used and synthesized by many metabolic pathways. In energy generation, it can be either converted to lactate under anaerobic conditions, or broken down to water and carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen, generating large amounts of ATP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Segment of a DNA molecules that is unwinding and undergoing replication. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Point at which a double-stranded DNA molecules separates into two single strands that serve as templates for replication. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction. |
|
|
Term
| Semi-conservative Replication |
|
Definition
| Replication in which the two nucleotide strands of DNA separate, each serving as a template for the synthesis of a new strand. All DNA replication is semi-conservative. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host. |
|
|
Term
| Single-stranded Binding Proteins |
|
Definition
| Abbreviated SSBP's, proteins that bind to single-stranded DNA in replication and prevent it from annealing with a complementary strand and forming secondary structures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coiled tertiary structure that forms when strain is placed on a DNA helix by overwinding or underwinding of the helix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct contact and where both receive an advantage from the association. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Pyrimidine in DNA but not in RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A typically long extension from a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A colorless plastid located in plant cells and containing starch grains; often found in root parenchyma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta-1, 4-glycosidic linkages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bundle of microtubules and other proteins that forms the core of each cilium or flagellum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In plant cells, formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein matrix. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A structure in a animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell division. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plastids responsible for pigment synthesis and storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (plural, grana) A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sheet like membrane found within a chloroplast of an autotrophic cell. They act as a type of wall at which chloroplasts can be fixed within, achieving the maximum light possible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short, cellular appendages specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A carbohydrate consisting of several sugar molecules including rhamnose, galactose, arabinose, and galactouronic acid. Functions in the middle lamella of plant cells to adhere adjacent cells to one another. Functions in the primary cell wall to link adjacent microfibrils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any material resulting in color in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption. Examples of plant pigments include chlorophyll, xanthophylls and anthocyanins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The band of microfilaments that form around the middle of a dividing cell, and under a microscope can be seen as a dark ring as the cell divides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plural, plasmodesmata) An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In this context, the cortex is the region of the cytosol where most microfilaments are located, around the edges of the cell. This part of the cytosol has a gel-like consistency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of a family of closely related plant organelles, including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A large contractile protein forming the side-arms of a microtubule doublets in cilia and flagella. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The force directed against a cell wall after the influx of water and the swelling of a walled cell due to osmosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long cellular appendages specialized for locomotion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The second of two major stages in photosynthesis, following the light reactions, involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A class of motor protein dimer found in biological cells. A kinesin attaches to microtubules, and moves along the tubule in order to transport cellular cargo, such as vesicles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, creating oxygen in the process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae and certain prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of two light-harvesting units of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it uses the P700 reaction-center chlorophyll. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Minute, fingerlike structures projecting from the surface of certain types of epithelial cells which greatly increase the surface area of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of two light-harvesting units of a chlorplast's thylakoid membrane: it uses the P680 reaction center chlorophyll |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of junction between cells forming tissues that are subjected to stretching and pulling, such as the skin.This type of junction provides very tight contact between adjacent cells and allows the cells to function as a unit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The most abundant type of leukocyte. Neutrophils tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix that forms strong fibers found extensively in connective tissue and bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speed the distribution of materials within cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein that when polymerized forms microtubules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The material outside cells which provides support and structure to tissue. It consists of ground substance and fibers. The ground substance is an amorphous gel-like material that fills the space between the cells and contains interstitial fluid and proteoglycans, and the fibers consist of collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The insulating envelope of myelin that surrounds the core of a nerve fiber or axon and facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease where lysosomes cannot completely degrade macromolecules that they ingest. The lysosome expands to fill most of the cell and thus interferes with normal cell functioning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A human genetic disease caused by a dysfunctional enzyme that fails to break down brain lipids of a certain type; seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any of various freshwater green algae of the genus Volvox that form hollow spherical multicellular colonies. Found in ponds and ditches, and even in shallow puddles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An anaerobic step that yeast use after glycolysis that breaks down pyruvic acid to ethanol and carbon dioxide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any of various freshwater ciliate protozoans of the genus Paramecium, usually oval and having an oral groove for feeding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tough, protective, semitransparent substance, primarily a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide, forming the principal component of arthropod exoskeletons and the cell walls of certain fungi. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A heterotrophic organism once regarded as a fungus but later classified with the Protista. They are peculiar protists that normally take the form of amoebae, but under certain conditions develop fruiting bodies that release spores, superficially similar to the sporangia of fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heterotrophic eukaryotes that produce exoenzymes and absorb their food: usually producing, and living inside, a network of apically extending, branched tubes called hyphae. The fungi include mushrooms, yeast, molds, and smuts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A heterogeneous group of eukaryotes which are neither animals, plants, or fungi. They are usually treated as a kingdom Protista or Protoctista, first introduced by Haeckel. They can be unicellular, colonial or multicellular organisms, parasitic or free-living, with diverse nutritional and reproductive modes. All need some kind of a water-based environment in which to live, including fresh or marine water, snow, damp soil, or body fluid of animal host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A thread-like multinucleate tube with a cell wall; the organ of vegetative growth in most fungi. Hyphae increase in length by growth at their tips and give rise to new hyphae by side-branching. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The common name for members of the plant division Chlorophyta. They are a morphologically diverse group of algae with green-pigmented chloroplasts, including unicellular and colonial flagellates, usually but not always with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid, and filamentous forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any of various minute single-celled freshwater organisms of the genus Euglena, characterized by the presence of chlorophyll, a reddish eyespot, and a single anterior flagellum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of anaerobic respiration that occurs in animal cells in the absence of oxygen. Glycolysis occurs normally, producing 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of pyruvate but the pyruvate is not metabolised to CO2 in the citric acid cycle. The conversion of pyruvate to lactate regenerates NAD+ and this allows glycolysis to continue in the muscle cell. Lactate diffuses out of the cell and into the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of slime mold that differs from true slime molds in being cellular and nucleate throughout the life cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reproductive cell capable of developing into a new individual without fusing with another reproductive cell. Fungal spores serve a function similar to that of seeds in plants; they germinate and grow into new individuals under suitable conditions of moisture, temperature, and food availability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large seaweeds, belonging to the brown algae and classified in the order Laminariales. Despite their appearance they are not grouped with the normal aquatic or land plants (kingdom Plantae), but instead are included in either kingdom Protista. Kelp grows in underwater forests (kelp forests) in clear, shallow, oceans, requiring nutrient rich water below about 20°C, it offers a protection to some sea creatures, or food for others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The common name for an artificial assemblage of higher fungi which have temporarily or permanently abandoned the use of hyphal thalli; they are unicellular, and vegetative reproduction is generally by budding or fission. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A genus of protozoa that moves by means of temporary projections called pseudopods, and is well-known as a representative unicellular organism. The word amoeba is variously used to refer to it and its close relatives, now grouped as the Amoebozoa, or to all protozoa that move using pseudopods, otherwise termed amoeboids. They are found in sluggish waters all over the world, both fresh and salt, as well as in soils and as parasites. |
|
|
Term
| Where within the cell does glycolysis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is a function performed by the microfilaments of animal cells? |
|
Definition
| providing support at the cell periphery |
|
|
Term
| Transcription is a process in which... |
|
Definition
| mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following organelles adds carbohydrate groups to a protein? |
|
Definition
| rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) |
|
|
Term
| In cellular respiration, the products in the overall process are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The part of cellular respiration that produces the most carbon dioxide? |
|
Definition
| the citric acid (Krebs) cycle |
|
|
Term
| Where within the cell does electron transport occur? |
|
Definition
| On the inner membrane of the mitochondria. |
|
|
Term
| What function is performed by the microtubules of animal cells? |
|
Definition
| moving of vesicles through the cytosol |
|
|
Term
| Translation is a process in which? |
|
Definition
| mRNA directs the synthesis of a protein (or polypeptide chain). |
|
|
Term
| Describe the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? |
|
Definition
| It is a network of membranes that synthesis phospholipids and steroids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is DNA bound to histones and other proteins. |
|
|
Term
| What results from the action of photosystems in plant cells? |
|
Definition
ATP is produced
NADPH is produced
Electrons are energized
Water is split, releasing oxygen |
|
|
