Term
| Amino acids is composed of 5 things: |
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Definition
An alpha carbon
A hydrogen
An amino group
A carboxyl group
A R group |
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Term
| Every 3-4 residues the chain can change from... |
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Definition
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Term
| Good and bad a helix formers |
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Definition
Good a helix formers: Ala, Glu, Leu, and Met.
Poor a helix formers: Pro, Gly, Tyr, and Ser. |
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Term
| Two types of proteins are based on their tertiary structure |
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Definition
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Term
| For protein folding and stability, it's important to have... |
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Definition
| Weak non-covalent interactions and one covalent bond |
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Term
Quaternary Structure is made of...
(plus give an example) |
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Definition
Made of multiple sub-units
(Weak chemical interactions between subunits)
Example: hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| three dimensional structure of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that have the correct three dimensional structure |
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Term
| Function of Carbohydrates |
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Definition
Energy storage
Structural component |
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Term
| Structure of Carbohydrate |
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Definition
Monomers (1 sub-unit)
2X H atoms/1X C and 1X O2
Polymers (multi-subunit) |
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Term
| Examples of Carbohydrates |
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Definition
Glucose (monomer)
Starch (polymer): energy storage made in plant cells
Cellulose (polymer): structural component of bark, leaves, etc.
Glycogen (polymer): energy storage made by muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Form membranes (cell and organelle)
Energy storage
Warmth
Cushioning
Used to make vitamins and steroid hormones |
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Term
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Definition
Polymers (the hydrophobic section lacks oxygen)
Ring structure (steroids) |
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Term
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Definition
| Palmitic acid, cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
Selective barrier
Provides the formation of compartments
Localization of enzymatic reactions
Cell-cell communication
Transmission/reception of signals |
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Term
| Membrane phospholipids are synthesized in... |
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Definition
| ...cytosolic side of the smooth ER. |
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Term
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Definition
| ...move the phospholipids to the other side of the membrane. |
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Term
| Extracellular domain of membrane proteins is |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluidity is important because it allows... |
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Definition
| ...selective movement of molecules across the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
Length of fatty acid chains (16-18 C most common)
The proportion of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Number of cholesterol molecules in the membrane (only in animal cells) |
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Term
| Movement of lipids in a cell membrane was studied using |
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Definition
| fluorescence recovery experiments |
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Term
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Definition
| one type of molecule is transported |
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Term
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Definition
| two types of molecules are transported at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| Net flow of water out of cell; cell shrinks |
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Term
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Definition
| Net flow of water into cell; cell swells or even bursts |
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Term
| channel or carrier protein (transporter) is used to |
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Definition
| move molecules through membrane |
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Term
| energy used for the movement of molecules across membrane comes from... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When water is transported by a transmembrane protein |
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Term
| When ions build up on one side of a plasma membrane... |
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Definition
| they establish a concentration gradient and an electrochemical gradient. |
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Term
| Molecules and ions always diffuse through |
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Definition
| channels down their electrochemical gradients, which is called passive transport. |
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Term
| Passive transport requires... |
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Definition
| no energy and decreases the charge and concentration differences between the cell's exterior and interior |
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Term
| Facilitated diffusion can occur through |
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Definition
| channels or carrier proteins/transporters, which change shape during the transport process |
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Term
| Facilitated diffusion by transporters occurs only down an |
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Definition
| electrochemical gradient, reducing differences between solutions |
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Term
| Glucose is a building block for |
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Definition
| important macromolecules and a major energy source, but lipid bilayers are only moderately permeable to glucose. |
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Term
| What increases membrane permeability to glucose? |
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Definition
| A glucose transporter named GLUT-1 |
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Term
| Three main things that happen during ATP |
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Definition
Molecules move from [low] to [high]
Proteins are needed to be carriers
Ions are transported actively |
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Term
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Definition
Allows the maximum number of nutrients to be taken by the cell.
Allows the maximum removal of cellular waste products
Allows cells to communicate (ex: action potential) |
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Term
| How the Sodium Potassium Pump works: |
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Definition
1. Three binding sites within the protein have a high affinity for sodium ions.
2. Three sodium ions from the inside of the cell bind to these sites.
3. A phosphate group from ATP binds to the protein. In response, the protein changes shape.
4. The sodium ions leave the protein and diffuse to the exterior of the cell.
5. In this conformation, the protein has binding sites with a high affinity for potassium ions.
6. Two potassium ions bind to the pump.
7. The phosphate group drops off the protein. In response, the protein changes back to its original shape.
8. The potassium ions leave the protein and diffuse to the interior of the cell. These 8 steps repeat. |
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Term
| Characteristics of all cells (living things) |
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Definition
Have semi-permeable membranes
Can receive stimuli and respond to it.
Can process organic components to harvest energy.
Composed of the same organic and inorganic compounds.
Can reproduce
Use DNA to store genetic information.
The information is used to make RNA to make protein. |
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Term
| Characteristics of Prokaryote Cells |
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Definition
Very small (20 mm)
–Single celled-organisms
–Cell membrane and cell wall
–No organelles
–All biochemical reactions occur in the cytoplasm or cell membrane.
–One circular chromosome
–Some of them have flagella
–No (actin, microtubule-based) cytoskeleton
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Term
| Characteristics of Eukaryote Cells |
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Definition
•Single or multi-cellular organisms.
•All have cell membranes, but some have cell walls (plants).
•Organelles
–Cellular compartments most biochemical reactions take place.
•A nucleus
–Containing many chromosomes
•Cytoskeleton
•Some have flagella for movement.
•Protozoans, plants, animals, fungi
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Term
The compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells increases chemical reaction efficiency by ... |
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Definition
...
•separating incompatible chemical reactions and grouping enzymes and substrates together.
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Term
| The nucleolus is where what occurs? |
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Definition
Ribosomal RNA synthesis occurs |
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Term
| Function of Golgi Apparatus |
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Definition
•
Protein processing (glycosolation)
It receives products from the rough ER and sends finished products to the cell surface in vesicles. |
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Term
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Definition
•
-contains enzymes for synthesizing
-fatty acid and lipid synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
•globular organelles bound by a single membrane in which oxidation reactions occur. Also processes fatty acids.
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Term
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Definition
•single-membrane-bound centers for storage and/or waste processing. Materials are delivered to the lysosomes by three processes: phagocytosis, autophagy, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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Term
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Definition
process by which the cell membrane can pinch off a vesicle to bring outside material into the cell |
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Term
a) Thylakoids are stacked into piles called:
b) The solution outside of the thylakoid is called: |
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Definition
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