Term
|
Definition
broad statements that are possible answers to questions.
based on careful observations
testable
falsifiable
Ex. All living things are made up of one of more cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Logic using IF and THEN using the hypothesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
using previous observations.
comes up with two possible explanations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| predictions on inductive reasoning's hypothesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| experimental group and control group (differs by one variable) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thing being manipulated (cause) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thing being measured (effect) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| or constants, variables that are kept constant for all groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of subjects not exposed to the independent variable (placebo) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an objective explanation or interpretation that explains a broad range of phenomena. the result of MANY experiments and designs. Can be changed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smallest, most basic unit of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enclose DNA with a nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small and simple. Do not have a nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All living things have DNA. Code for the organization of a living thing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of all chemical reactions within a cell involved in acquiring, storing, transforming, and using energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maintenance of internal conditions within a certain tolerable range, the range most conducive to life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutations that allow an individual to survive in a particular environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a population has changed genetically over time by reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce their own food (autotrophs). plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eat other living things for food (heterotrophs). animals, fungi decomposers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Darwin - differential survival and reproduction in a population that differs in one or more heritable traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branch of biology that names and groups huge living things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| identifies and names living things using binomial nomenclature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used for taxonomy gives two word name to every different type of living thing.
first word: genus name
second word: specific epithet
Combined words: species name |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups living things into taxonomic categories according to shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships. mammals, carnivores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Dr King Phylum Comes Over For Good Soup |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| greatest diversity of prokaryotes (no nucleus). found almost everywhere. many different ways of surviving. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in extreme environments. Thermophiles at high temps. Acidophiles in acidic environment (stomach). Methanogens produce methane (cow guts) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
living things in which the cells are large and complex.
cells have nucleus.
unicellular, multicellular, colonial things
Divided into four groups of PROTISTS: Fungi, Plantae, Animalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
yeasts, molds, mushrooms
heterotrophic and absorb nutrients
decomposers and parasites
multicellular
fungi uses sexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multicellular, sexual reproduction, autotrophs produce their food by photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals, heterotrophic, ingest food, multicellular, motile, sexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hass mass and takes up space.
everything on earth is composed of matter
solid, liquid, gas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
makes up matter.
substances with properties
can not be broken down into other substances
92 elements
symbol (chart) |
|
|
Term
| 4 Essential Elements of Life |
|
Definition
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
C, H, O, N
Make up 94% of the body of living things |
|
|
Term
| Essential Elements (Remaining Percent) |
|
Definition
Phosphorus, Sulphur, Calcium, Potassium
P, S, Ca, K
Make up remaining 4% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
smallest unit of an element that still has properties of that element
consist of sub-atomic particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tiny particles arranged in space that make up an atom
Protons, neutrons, Electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located in nucleus
+1 charge
mass of 1 dalton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in nucleus
have no charge
mass of 1 dalton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
orbit nucleus
have a -1 charge
tiny negligible mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of protons in an atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of protons + neutrons |
|
|
Term
| Energy Level of Electrons |
|
Definition
potential energy = distance away from nucleus
farther away from nucleus the more energy
e can absorb, trade, borrow, and lose energy to move from different levels
1 2 3 levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regions of space in which electrons are found most of the time
space within energy level
each orbital can hold up to 2 e's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are e's in outermost shell determine chemical behavior of an atom
want to complete their outermost shell and become stable (create chemical bond)
most atoms need 8 electrons in outermost shell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
atoms of element with same # of p but different # of n
the more n, the heavier the isotope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| force holding two atoms together (electrons with complete outermost shells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SHARING of electrons
single: 1 pair of electrons shared
double: 2 pairs of electrons shared |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TRANSFER electrons
Sodium and Chlorine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the attraction or "pull" an atom has on e's in a covalent bond
atoms are from the same element > same electronegativity > non polar covalent bond
different electronegativity > unequal electrons > polar covalent bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polar charged molecule
electrons spend less time around H atoms they become slightly positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| useful for detection of fossils, tracing the path of substances through biological systems, medical diagnoses and treatment, sterilization |
|
|
Term
| Van Der Waals Interactions |
|
Definition
| where e's are constantly moving and can accumulate in certain areas "hot spots" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
closely related to its function
ex. tetrahedron (triangular shaped) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involve breaking and making of bonds
rearrangement of atoms
2 H2 + O2 --> 2 H20 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
make up chemical equation
reactants : left
products : right
arrow : yields |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dynamic equilibrium in which the ratio of reactants to products stays constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unequal sharing of e's between the H's and O's results in water being polar with a - O and +H's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cohesive
moderates temperatures on earth
expands upon freezing
versatile solvent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
H bonds hold water molecules together
adheres to sides of containers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
result of cohesion of water
pulling of water up through tiny tubes in plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tension on bodies of water which some animals (water skimmer) use to survive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
molecular motion
heat is the total amount of kinetic energy in a body of matter due to the molecular motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules |
|
|
Term
| How does water moderate temperature? |
|
Definition
resists changing temp and state
this is due to H bonds between H2O molecules
heat must be absorbed to break H bonds (steam)
heat is released when H bonds form |
|
|
Term
| How is water's specific heat and heat of vaporization differ from other substances? |
|
Definition
has HIGH specific heat (1 calorie)
most other elements have a specific heat of less than 1 |
|
|
Term
| How does water's heat of vaporization differ from other substances? |
|
Definition
high heat of vaporization due to H bonds. it takes a lot of heat to break these bonds
water can hold a lot of heat and release a lot of heat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homogenous mixture of two or more substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form around the solute ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"water loving" substances that dissolve in water
ex. sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"water fearing" non-polar substances do not dissolve in water
ex. oil |
|
|
Term
| How do we measure the concentration of solutions? |
|
Definition
| measure using percents or in molarity (the number of moles of a solute per liter of the solution) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sum of the masses of atoms in the molecule
ex. atomic mass of Na (23) plus Cl (35.5) = molecular mass of 58.5 daltons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
molecular mass of molecule in grams
ex. Na (23) plus Cl (35.5) = molecular mass of 58.5
One MOLE of NaCl is 58.5 grams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
molecular mass of molecule in grams
ex. Na (23) plus Cl (35.5) = molecular mass of 58.5
One MOLE of NaCl is 58.5 grams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
H20 <-> H+ plus OH-
this is a reversible reaction and eventually reaches a dynamic equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
substance that releases H+ in water (thus increases H+)
contains more H+ than OH-
low on PH scale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
substance that takes up H+ in water (thus reduces the H+)
contains more OH- than H+
high on PH scale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
measures acidity or base of a substance
1- 14
1-7: acid
7-14: base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
substances that prevent drastic changes in pH by minimizing changes in concentrations of H+ and OH-
blood buffer so that chemical reactions happen at their optimum |
|
|
Term
| All organic compounds contain... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atomic Structure of Carbon: |
|
Definition
4 valence e's forming covalent bonds with other atoms
chains or rings of C atoms COVALENTLY bonded with H, O, N, P and S atoms |
|
|
Term
| Stanley Miller Experiment 1953 |
|
Definition
| used an apparatus that stimulated conditions on earth and was able to produce organic compounds from simple inorganic compounds |
|
|
Term
| What did Stanley Miller tell us about the formation of the first organic molecules? |
|
Definition
| how simple organic compounds could have formed from inorganic compounds on primitive earth |
|
|
Term
| Carbon Skeletons (Variation) |
|
Definition
vary in length from 2 C's to 100's of C's
varies in branching and bonding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consist of only C and H atoms bonded with non-polar covalent bonds
wont dissolve in water
holds a lot of energy in the multiple C-H bonds
ex. fatty acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hydroxyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adenosine Triphosphate
3 phosphate groups attach in a row with high energy bonds between them
when the last phosphate is broken off energy is released for cellular work
universal energy carrier in cells |
|
|
