Term
| genetically determined variants of a characteristic |
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Definition
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| the field of biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring |
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| the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring |
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| occurs when pollen is transferred from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of either that flower or another flower on the same plant |
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| technique in which pollen is transferred between flowers of two different plants |
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| Mendel bred plants for several generations that were true-breeding for specific traits and called these the: |
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Term
| first offspring of the P generation |
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| first offspring of the F1 generation |
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Term
| when both alleles of a pair are alike; may be dominant (PP) or recessive (pp) |
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Term
| when the two alleles in the pair are different; has a genotype Pp |
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| the trait that masked the other |
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| the trait that was masked |
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Term
| the genetic makeup of an organism |
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| the appearance of an organism |
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| describes organisms or genotypes that are homozygous for a specific trait and thus always produce offspring that have the same phenotype for that trait |
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Definition
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| states that a pair of factors is seperated during the formation of gametes; describes how traits can disappear and reappear in a certain pattern from generation to generation |
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Definition
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| states that factors seperate independently of one another during the formation of gametes; the inheritance of one trait has no effect on the inheritance of another trait; is observed only for genes that are located on seperate chromosomes or are far apart on the same chromosome |
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Definition
| Law of Independent Assortment |
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Term
| alternative forms of genes |
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Definition
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Term
| the segment of DNA on a chromosome that controls a particular hereditary trait |
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| the likelihood that a specific event will occur |
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Term
| can be used to predict the outcome of genetic crosses |
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Term
| a cross in which one characteristic is tracked |
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| cross a cross in which two characteristics are tracked |
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| the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype |
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Term
| occurs when heterozygous individuals and dominant homozygous indivuduals are indistinguishable in phenotype |
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| occurs when two or more alleles influence the phenotype and results in a phenotype intermediate between the dominant trait and the recessive trait |
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| describes the allele that is fully expressed when carried by only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes |
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In a monohybrid cross between a homozygous dominant parent and a homozygous recessive parent, one would predict the offspring to be:
a. 3:4 homozygous dominant
b. 2:4 heterozygous
c. 1:4 homozygous recessive
d. all heterozygous |
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Definition
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Term
In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous parents, one would expect the offspring to be:
a. 1 pp : 3 PP
b. 3 Pp : 1 pp
c. 1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp
d. all Pp |
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Definition
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Term
In guinea pigs, black fur is dominant. A black guinea pig is crossed with a white guinea pig. If the litter contains a white offspring, the genotype of the black-haired parent is probably:
a. homozygous dominant
b. heterozygous
c. homozygous recessive
d. none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
A trait occurring in 400 offspring out of a total of 1, 600 offspring has a probabilty of:
a. 0.04
b. 0.25
c. 0.50
d. 0.75 |
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Definition
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Term
| "Therefore be careful how you walk, not as unwise men but as wise, making the most of your time, because the days are evil." |
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Term
| occurs when pollen grains produced in the male reproductive part of a flower, called the anthers, are transferred to the female reproductive part of a flower, called the stigma |
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Definition
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Term
| A probability may be expressed as a: |
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Definition
| decimal, percentage, or fraction. |
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Term
| Write out the formula for probability. |
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Definition
| number of times an event is expected to happen/ number of times an event could happen |
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Term
| occurs when both alleles for a trait are expressed in a heterozygous offspring |
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Definition
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If two parents with dominant phenotypes produce an offspring with a recessive phenotype, then probably:
a. both parents are heterozygous
b. one parent is heterozygous
c. both parents are homozygous
d. one parent in homozygous |
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Definition
| a. both parents are heterozygous |
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Term
| The genotypic ratio expected when two Pp plants are crossed is: |
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| Mendel allowed each variety of garden peas to __________ for several generations. This ensured that each plant in the P generation was true-breeding. |
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| An organism that has inherited two of the same alleles of a gene from its parent is: |
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When a cross between a red flower and a white flower yields a pink flower:
a. dominant
b. recessive
c. incomplete dominant
d. codominant |
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Definition
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Term
| When doing a testcross, you will always cross the genotype with a: |
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Definition
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Term
The first step in Mendel's garden pea experiment:
a. remove stamen
b. cross pollinate two P generation with a contrasting trait
c. allow each to self-pollinate for several generations
d. allow F1 to self-pollinate |
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Definition
| c. allow each to self-pollinate for several generations |
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Term
| Two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| The DNA unzips and new complementary strands are assembled by using each strand as a template. One original strand is preserved in each duplex created. |
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Definition
| Semiconservative replication |
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Term
| What three enzymes are needed for DNA replication to occur? |
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Definition
| DNA polymerase, Helicase, and DNA ligase. |
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| Involves comparing the daughter strand to the parent DNA template to check for mistakes. |
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Term
| A change in a cell's genetic message. |
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| Chemicals that cause mutation. |
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Definition
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| The organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA: DNA > mRNA |
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Definition
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| Polymerase Produces mRNA transcript of the gene |
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Definition
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Term
| The process whereby genetic information coded in mRNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm. |
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Definition
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Term
| sequence of three nucleotide bases on mRNA that refers to a specific amino acid; 64 makes up the entire genetic code that is universal |
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Definition
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Term
| The codons UUA & UUG represent the amino acid present in all organisms. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized; DNA translation occurs here. |
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Definition
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Term
| The region of an mRNA molecule that binds the ribosome to initiate translation; the large ribosome has an mRNA binding site and three tRNA binding sites, known as the A, P, and E sites |
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Definition
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Term
| Three-nucleotides on the RNA that are complementary to the sequence of a condon in mRNA |
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Definition
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Term
| A cluster of genes that are all transcribed as a unit; prokaryotic mRNA gets translated while it is being transcribed |
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Definition
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Term
| A protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to a promoter site |
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Definition
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Term
| A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of a specific gene. |
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Definition
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Term
| A coding region of a eukaryotic gene |
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Definition
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Term
| A non-coding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene; 90% of the human genome |
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Definition
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Term
| Cut out the introns and join together the exons, forming the mRNA transcript |
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Definition
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Term
| Splicing of RNA transcripts from the same gene in different ways, each of which produces a distinct protein |
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Definition
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Term
-Methylation of histones or DNA changes chromatin shape > increase/decrease access of RNA polymerase to DNA
-Transcription factors (protein complex): bind to DNA to initiate, increase/decrease transcription rate
-Activator molecules bind to enhancer regions around genes
-RNA interference/Gene silencing: RNA products bind to DNA/mRNA preventing transcription/translation |
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Definition
| Eukaryotic Gene Expression |
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Term
Which of the following must occur before cell division begins?
A DNA segregation
B duplication of the nucleus
C DNA synthesis
D cytokinesis |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following statements about cell division is correct?
A It is no longer necessary once an organism reaches maturity
B It is the process by which organisms grow and maintain their tissues
C It is the process by which fertilization occurs
D It occurs in two sequention stages in all cells: mitosis and meiosis |
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Definition
| B It is the process by which organisms grow and maintain their tissues |
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Term
If a plant has a karyotype of 18 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be present in each of its gametes?
A 9
B 6
C 36
D 18 |
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Definition
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Term
The two sister chromatids of a single chromosome are held together by a
A centrosome
B centromere
C chromatin
D spindle fiber |
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Definition
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Term
During anaphase, daughter chromosomes
A form homologous pairs
B are condensed into chromatin
C move toward opposite spindle poles
D move toward the same spindle pole |
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Definition
| C move toward opposite spindle poles |
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Term
Which set of symbols represents the stages of interphase?
A. S, G0, G1
B. S, G1, G2
C. G0, G1, G2
D. S1, S2, G0 |
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Definition
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Term
The goal of mitosis is to
A loop chromatin into chromosomes
B form two equal daughter nuclei
C package chromosomes into chromatin
D form chromatin strands |
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Definition
| B form two equal daughter nuclei |
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Term
At the completion of mitosis, the nucleus of a human somatic cell has ___ chromosomes.
A 184
B 92
C 23
D 46 |
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Definition
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Term
The completion of the physical division of the parent cell during the last stage of mitosis is known as
A meiosis
B centrosome formation
C cytokinesis
D G0 |
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Definition
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Term
During the S phase, the cell
A rests between divisions
B duplicates its DNA
C completes its preparation for mitosis
D grows in size to prepare for DNA synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| The key enzyme used during transcription is |
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Definition
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Term
| a particular stretch of DNA has the base sequence TAC, what will be the base sequence of the anticodon of the tRNA that carries the amino acid encoded by that stretch of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a strand of DNA has the sequence CGTAA, the RNA made from this molecule will have the sequence |
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Definition
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Term
| The sugar molecule present in RNA is |
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Definition
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Term
| Gametes contain ___ the genetic material that a generalized body cell contains. |
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Definition
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Term
In humans, which of the following chromosomes would probably carry the fewest genes?
chromosome 14
chromosome 4
the Y chromosome
the X chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
If one strand of DNA has the sequence CGATT, the sequence of the other strand of the same molecule will be
CGATT
GCTAA
TACGG
GCTUU |
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Definition
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Term
| When does a cell undergo transcription? |
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Definition
| only when a cell needs a specific protein |
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Term
| Chromosomes that are not involved in determining gender are known as |
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Definition
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