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BIO EXAM QUAAD
bio exam quaad
52
Biology
Undergraduate 2
11/30/2011

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Term
Human Body 3 lines of Defense
Definition
-The skin
-roaming cells that attack and engluf(macrophages)
-Highly Specific Immune System
Term
3 layers of skin
Definition
Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer
Term
Epidermis
Definition
-20 layers of dead cells
-contains nerve endings that allow us to feel
-prevents microbe invasion
Term
dermis
Definition
-vascularized
-contain nerve cells and hair cells
-sweat glands
-made of collagen
Term
Subcutaneous later
Definition
composed primarily of fat
-heat exchange
-more heavily vascularized
ADIPOSE
Term
Macrophages
Definition
consume foreign cells
signal B & T cells to start working
Term
neutrophils
Definition
inject bleach into bacteria to cause it to erupt.
Term
Natural Killer cells
Definition
inject perforin in bacteria or virus causing it to erupt.
Term
Complement System
Definition
inject bacteria and viruses to try to cause it to erupt similar to perforin system. active when fungi and bacteria enter body!
Term
interferon
Definition
protein produced by host cells that activates macrophages and NK cells.
Term
How does fever help fight bacteria?
Definition
slows down the reproduction of bacteria by making an unpleasant and difficult environment.
Term
Inflammatory response
Definition
Infected cells release response to alarm(histamine and prostaglandins)
-signals cause vessels to expand which increases blood flow and makes capillaries more permeable(redness).
-monocytes and macrophages clean up infected area after neutrophilis kills any threat.
Term
How do macrophages recognize intruders?
Definition
by using MHC to randomly revise other cells and see if they are healthy or intruders.
Term
How is the immune response initiated?
Definition
when macrophages identify unhealthy or non self cell, they release interluken 1 which activates helper T cells which release IL2 which activate T and B cells.
Term
Helper T cell
Definition
detects infections sounds alarm for B and T cells
Term
memory T cell
Definition
Provides quick response from previously encountered antigen lasts in body for long period of time.
Term
cytotoxic T cell
Definition
detects and kills infected body cells. check other cells with MHC
Term
suppressor T cell
Definition
slows down activity of T and B cells after infection has been checked.
Term
B cell/memory B cells
Definition
Precursor of Memory cells used to recognize specific previous antigens
Term
Mast cell
Definition
initiator of the inflammatory response. Activated when they are damaged by lesion or cut.
Term
Plasma cell
Definition
antibody factories
Term
piggyback vaccines
Definition
harmless virus is injected with pathogenic encoded microbes.
Term
Autoimmune disease
Definition
immune system fails to determine what cells are self and non-self.
Term
Describe Allergies
Definition
inappropriate response by the immune system of harmless particles(POLLEN)
Term
How is HIV specific to macrophages and helper T cells.
Definition
CD4 receptor is necessary for HIV to be spread from macrophage to macrophage. HIV destroys helper T cells which prevents body from detecting threat.
Term
HIV transmission
Definition
transmitted through fluids with high levels of macrophages such as SEMEN,BLOOD,VAGINAL FLUID.
Term
Basal cell carcinoma
Definition
most common, common in fair skin peopled,rarely spreads, related to sun exposure.
Term
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Definition
2nd most common
precancerous growth
irregular pigment shape removed by surgery
Term
malignant melanoma
Definition
rarest,may be fatal if not treated,family history
Term
Virus
Definition
cannot be cured, has it run its course, can be prevented with vaccines.
Term
bacteria
Definition
can be supressed and slowed with antibiotics
Term
protists
Definition
harder to get rid of because they are eukaryotes like humans. if there is treatment there is side effects for host.
Term
hermaphroditism
Definition
organism has both male and female sex organs..can produce sperm and egg
Term
sequential hermaphriditism
Definition
organism can change from one sex to another throughout lifetime
fish plants lizards
Term
oviparity
Definition
eggs exist outside mothers body.
Term
oviviparity
Definition
egg inside mother yet no exchange of nutrients. hatches inside then is born.
fish and reptiles
Term
viviparity
Definition
sharks and mammals. growth inside mother. mother gives nutrients to fetus.
Term
monotremes
Definition
lay eggs. birds, reptiles.
Term
marsupials
Definition
born early yet develop in mothers pouch. feed off teet.
Term
placentals
Definition
fetus develops in mothers placenta.
Term
sperm released
Definition
ejaculation which is the contraction of vas defernes
Term
sperm structure consists of
Definition
flagella, basal body
Term
fertilization must occur in fallopian tubes because
Definition
egg can only be fertilized for hours after ovulation.
Term
birth developmental steps
Definition
fertilization at point
cells divide wen zygote attaches itself
first month growth of basic tissue
2nd,3rd month organs form
2nd,3rd trimester mass growth
Term
abstanince natural methods
Definition
no sex, rhythm meter, coitus interruptus
Term
sperm blockage methods
Definition
condom, diaphgragm, cervical cap
Term
sperm destruction method
Definition
douching, spermicidal jelly, sponges
Term
ovulation prevention methods
Definition
birth control, patches, implanted caps, injections
Term
sterilization
Definition
vasectomy, tubual ligation
Term
hystarectomy
Definition
removal of uterus
Term
preventing embryo implanting
Definition
morning after, IUD, ru846
Term
gamma interferon
Definition
helps stop cancer
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