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Bio Exam on Tuesday
Omelchenko
165
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/16/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Anatomy studies ____

while

Physiology studies____

Definition

anatomy-structure

Physiology-function

 

*animals consist of a hierarchy of levels or organization

Term

Each are examples of what level?

A. muscle cell

B. muscle tissue

C. Heart

D. Circulatory System

E. Many organ systems functioning together

Definition
A. Cellular Level
B. Tissue Level
C. Organ Level
D. Circulatory System
E. Organism Level
Term
What are tissues?
Definition
groups of cells with a common structure and function
Term
What are the four main categories of tissues in animals?
Definition

-Epithelial

- Connective

-Muscle

-Nervous

Term
What does the epithelial tissue do?
Definition
Covers the body and lines its organs and cavities
Term
what are the three shapes of epithelial cells?
Definition

-Squamous- LIKE A FRIED EGG

-Cuboidal- as tall as they are wide

-Columnar- Taller then they are wide

Term
Stratified epithelial
Definition
stacked on top of eachother
Term
What does connective tissue do?
Definition
binds and supporst other tissues
Term
What are the six major types of connective tissue?
Definition

1. Loose connective tissue

2. Fibrous connective tissue

3. Adipose tissue

4. Cartilage

5. Bone

6. Blood

Term
What does muscle tissue do?
Definition
funcitons in movement
Term

Skeletal muscle:

Cardiac muscle:

Smooth muscle:

Definition

Skeletal: causes VOLUNTARY movements

Cardiac: pumps blood

Smooth: moves walls of internal organs, such as the intestines

Term
What do nervous tissues form?
Definition
a communication network
Term
How do neurons in the nervous tissue carry signals?
Definition
by conducting electrical impulses
Term
What do the supporting cells around the nervous tissue do?
Definition
insulate axons and nourish neurons
Term
Organs are made up of what?
Definition

Tissues

(each tissue performs a specific funcion)

Term
Organ systems work together to do what?
Definition
perform life's functions
Term
an organ system usually consists of ____ organs
Definition

many

 

(each organ system has one or more functions)

Term

Endocrine system:

Skeletal and muscular systems:

Circulatory system:

Respiratory system:

Integumentary system:

Excretory system:

Lymphatic and immune systems:

Reproductive system:

Digestive system:

Nervous system:

Definition

Endocrine system: controls body functions

Skeletal and muscular systems: support and move the body

Circulatory system: transports the food and oxygen

Respiratory system: abosrbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

Integumentary system: covers and protects the body

Excretory system: disposes of certain wastes

Lymphatic and immune systems: protect the body from infection and cancer

Reproductive system: perpetuates the species

Digestive system: absorbs food

Nervous system: controls body functions

Term
Structural adaptations do what?
Definition
enhance exchange between animals and their environment
Term
Animals must exchange materials with the environment, how do they do this?
Definition

-Respiratory system exchanges gases

-Digestive system aquires food and eliminates wastes

-Excretory system eliminates metabolic waste

Term
 What do adaptations that increase surface area do?
Definition
promote exchanges with the environment
Term
How do animals regulate their internal environment?
Definition
Through homeostasis which is an internal steady state
Term
What does homeostasis depend on?
Definition
negative feedback
Term
Negative feedback
Definition
mechanisms permit only small fluctuations around set points
Term
Most animals have one of three kind of diets which are:
Definition

-Herbivores-Plant-eathers (cattle, snails, sea urchins)

-Carnivores- meat eaters (lions, hawks, spiders)

-Omnivores- eating both plants and other animals ( humans, roaches, raccoons, crows)

Term
What are the four stages in which food is processed?
Definition

-Ingestion

-Digestion

-Absorption

-Elimination

 

Term
Why does mechanical digestion break food into smaller pieces?
Definition

-easier to swallow

-smaller pieces have more surface area exposed to digestive fluids

Term
Chemical digestion
Definition

Breaks down large organic molecules into their components

 

-Proteins split into amino acids

-polysaccharides and disaccharides into monosaccharides

-nucleic acids into nucleotides

Term
Order in which food is processed
Definition
Mouth-esophagus-stomach-small intestine-large intestine-rectum-anus
Term
Where does digestion begin?
Definition
IN THE ORAL CAVITY
Term
Teeth break up food, saliva moistens it
Definition

-Salivary enzymes begin the hydrolysis of starch

-Buffers neutralize acids

-Antibacterial agents kills some bacteria ingested with food

Term
What does the tongue do?
Definition
tastes, shapes the bolus of food, and moves it toward the pharynx
Term

How is food moved?----

 

(just in case, i don't think it's on the test)

Definition

-alternating waves of contraction and relaxation by smooth muscle in the walls of the canal move food along in a process called peristalsis

-Sphincters control the movement of food into and out of digestive chambers

Term
after swallowing, peristalsis moves food through the esophagus to the stomach
Definition

-the trachea conducts air to the lungs

-the esophagus conducts food from the pharynx to the stomach

Term
when sphincter is contracted the epiglottis is __, when the sphincter is relaxed (bolus passes by) the epiglottis is ____
Definition
up, down
Term

The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes:

 

Definition

ACID

- pH2

-Parietal cells secrete hydrogena and chloride ions, which combine to make HCl

-Acid kills bacteria and breaks apart cells in food

 

PEPSIN

-pepsin begins with the chemical digestion of proteins

-acidic gastric juices mix with food to produce acid CHYME!!!

Term
What prevents the gastric juices from digesting the walls of the stomach?
Definition

-mucus helps protect against HCl and pepsin

-New cells lining the stomach are produced about every 3 days

Term
What is the major organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorpion?
Definition
small intestine
Term

pancreatic juice-

Bile-

Definition

Pancreatic juice- neutralizes acid chyme and its enzymes digest food

-bile- made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder, emulsifies fat for attack by pancreatic enzymes

Term
Nutrients pass across the what and into the blood?
Definition
epithelium
Term
Where does blood flow in which nutrients are processed and stored?
Definition
liver
Term
What does the large intestine do?
Definition
reclaims water and compacts the feces
Term

diarrhea occurs when:

Constipation occurs when:

Definition

diarrhea occurs when: too little water is reclaimed

Constipation occurs when: when too much water is reclaimed

Term
feces are stored in:
Definition
the rectum
Term
A healthy diet satisfies 3 needs:
Definition

-fuel to power the body

-Organic molecules to build molecules

-Essential nutrients-raw materials that animals cannot make for themselves

Term
how does chemical energy power the body?
Definition

-Nutrients are oxidized inside cells to make ATP

- ATP is the main energy "currency" in a cell

-Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are the main sources of deitary calories

 

(a gram of fat has more than twice as many calories as a gram of carbohydrate or protien)

Term
Basal Metabolic Rate
Definition
is the energy a resting animal requires each day
Term
Metabolic Rate
Definition
is the BMR plus the energy needed for physical activity
Term
How is excess energy stored?
Definition
as glycogen or fat
Term
Essential nutrients can/cannot be made from any raw material
Definition
cannot
Term
Undernourishment
Definition
not enough calories
Term
Malnourishment
Definition
missing essential nutrients
Term
Overnourishment
Definition
consuming more food energy then is needed
Term
gas exchange in an animal with lungs involves:
Definition
breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with tissue cells
Term
What are the three phases of gas exchange?
Definition

-Breathing

-Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood

-Body tissues take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide

 

(cellular respiration requires a continuous supply of oxygen and the disposal of carbon dioxide.)

Term
In the human respiratory system, what convey's air to lungs located in the chest cavity?
Definition
branching tubes
Term
Order of air flow in respiratory system
Definition

From NASAL CAVITY to

PHARYNX then LARYNX, past the VOCAL CORDS, into theTRACHEA, held open by the cartilage rings into the paired BRONCHI into BRONCHIOLES and finally to the ALVEOLI, grapelike clusters of air sacs, where gas exchange occurs.

Term
What do mucus and cilia in the the respiratory passages do?
Definition
protect the lungs
Term
how are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?
Definition

-high surface area of capillaries

-high surface area of alveoli

Term
what happens in the alveoli?
Definition

-O2 diffuses into the blood

-CO2 diffuses out of the blood

Term
Mucus and cilia in the respiratory passages do what?
Definition

-protect the lungs

-can be damaged by smoking

Term
Without healthy cilia, what must smokers do to clear dirty mucus from the trachea?
Definition
cough
Term
______ pressure breathing ventilates our lungs
Definition
negative
Term
Breathing is the alternate _____ and ____ of air (ventilation)
Definition
inhalation and exhalation
Term
Inhalation occurs when:
Definition

-The rib cage expands

-The diaphragm moves downward

-The pressure around the lungs decreases

-Air is drawn into the respiratory tract

Term
Exhalation occurs when:
Definition

-The rib cage contracts

-The diaphragm moves upward

-The pressure around the lungs increases

-air is forced out of the respiratory tract

Term
Not all air is expelled during exhalation, what happens to it?
Definition

-some air still remains in the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

-This remaining air is "dead air"

-Thus, inhalation mixes fresh air with dead air

Term
Breathing is under what kind of control?
Definition
automatic
Term
What do the breathing control centers in the brain do?
Definition
sense and respond to Co2 levels in the blood
Term
What two regions does the heart pump blood into?
Definition

-The right side pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

-The left side pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body

Term
In the lungs, blood picks up __ and drops off __
Definition
O2, Co2
Term
In the body tissues, blood drops off __ and picks up __
Definition
O2, Co2
Term
What does hemoglobin do?
Definition
carries O2, helps transport Co2, and buffers the blood
Term
Respiratory pigments
Definition
O2 bound to proteins ( most animals transport respiratory pigments
Term
Iron-containing hemoglobin
Definition

-Is used by almost all vertebrates and many invertebrates

-Transports oxygen, buffers blood, and transports Co2

Term
Most Co2 in the blood is transported as what in the plasma?
Definition
bicarbonate ions
Term
__________ _______ facilitate exchange with all body tissues
Definition
circulatory systems
Term
All cells need what?
Definition

-Nutrients

-Gas Exchange

-Removal of wastes

Term
Diffusion alone is inadequate/adequate for large and complex bodies
Definition
INADEQUATE
Term
Most animals use a circulatory system
Definition

-Blood

-Heart

-Blood vessels

Term
The human cardiovascular system illustrates the __________ _________ of mammals
Definition
double circulation
Term
Blood flows through what kind of system in humans?
Definition
Double circulatory system
Term
Order of blood through circulatory system
Definition

1. Right ventricle

2. Pulmonary artery

3. Capillaries of left/right lung

4. Pulmonary vein

5. Left/right atrium

6. Left Ventricle

7. Aorta

8. Up to Capillaries of head, chest and arms, down to capillaries of abdominal region and legs

9. Superior vena cava

10. Right/left atrium

 

Term
The mammalian heart
Definition

-Two thin-walled atria that pumps blood to ventricles

- Thick-walled ventricles that pump blood to lungs and all other body regions

Term
What does a pacemaker do?
Definition

-sets the tempo of the heartbeat

-sets the rate of heart contractions

-Generates electrical signals in atria

Term
Structure and function of Arteries and veins
Definition

-Lined by single layer of epithelial cells

-Smooth muscle in walls can reduce blood flow

-Elastic fibers permit recoil after stretching

-Veins have one-way valves that restrict backward flow

Term
Capillaries
Definition

-Thin walls- a single layer of epithelial cells

-Narrow- blood cells flow in a single file

-Increase surface area for gas and fluid exchange

Term
What are the two main groups of angiosperms?
Definition
monocots and eudicots
Term
Monocots and eudicots differ in:
Definition

-Number of cotyledons (seed leaves)

-Pattern of leaf venation

-Arrangement of stem vascular tissue

-Number of flower parts

-Root structure

Term

Monocots

 

Definition

-One cotyledon

-Parallel leaf venation

-Scattered vascular bundles

-Flower parts in 3s or multiples of 3

-Fibrous roots

Term
Eudicots-most plants are eudicots
Definition

-Two cotyledons

-Branched leaf venation

-Ring of vascular bundles

-Flower parts in 4s or 5s (or multiples)

-Taproot system

Term
A typical plant body contains three basic organs:
Definition
roots, stems, and leaves
Term
Plants absorb water and minerals from soil through ____
Definition
roots
Term
Plants absorb the sun's energy and carbon dioxide from the air through ____
Definition
shoots (stems and leaves)
Term
Plant roots depend on shoots for ___________ produced via photosynthesis
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
Plant shoots depend on what for water and minerals?
Definition
roots
Term
Plant roots:
Definition

-anchor plant

-absorb water and nutrients

-store food

Term
plant shoots
Definition

-stems, leaves, and reproductive structures

-stems provide support

-leaves carry out photosynthesis

Term

node:

root hairs:

Definition

node: attaches leaf to stem

root hairs: little hairs on thicker part of root that increases surface area for absorption

Term
modifications of plants parts are adaptations for various functions:
Definition

-food or water storage

-asexual reproduction

-protection

-climbing

-photosynthesis

Term
root modifications
Definition

-food storage

----large taproots store starches

 

( carrots, turnips, sugar beets, sweet potatoes)

Term
Stem modifications
Definition

-Stolon-asexual reproduction

-Rhizomes-Storage, asexual reproduction

-Tubers- storage, asexual reproduction

-Cactus stem-water storage and photosynthesis

Term
leaf modifications
Definition

-protection-cactus spine

-climbing-pea plant tendril

Term
Three tissue systems make up the plant body:
Definition

Dermal tissue

Vascular tissue

Ground tissue

Term
Dermal tissue
Definition
outer protective covering
Term
vascular tissue
Definition
support and long-distance transport
Term
Ground tissue
Definition

-Bulk of the plant body

-Food production, storage, support

Term
What is the Dermal tissue?
Definition

-layer of tightly packed cells called the epidermis

-first line of defense against damage and infection

-Waxy layer called cuticle reduces water loss

-

Term
What is vascualar tissue composed of?
Definition

-Composed of xylem (water transport) and phloem (food transport)

-arranged in bundles

Term
Ground tissue
Definition

-lies between dermal and vascular tissue

-Eudicot stem ground tissue is divided into pith and cortex

-leaf ground tissue is called mesophyll

Term
What are the three structures in plant cells that distingush them from animal cells?
Definition

-Chloroplast used in photosynthesis

-a large, fluid-filled vacuole

-A cell wall composed of cellulose

Term
Plant cell wall layers
Definition

-Primary cell wall-outermost layers

-Secondary cell wall- Tough layer inside primary wall

Term
a sticky layer called the _____ _____ lies between adjacent plant cells
Definition
middle lamella
Term
Openings in cell walls called _____________ allow cells to communicate and exchange materials easily
Definition
plasmodesmata
Term
What are the five major types of plant cells?
Definition

-Parenchyma

-Collenchyma

-Sclerenchyma

-Water-conducting

-Food-conducting

Term
Parenchyma Cells
Definition

-Most abundant cell type

-Thin primary cell wall

-Lack secondary cell wall

-ALIVE at maturity

-Funcion in photosynthesis, food and water storage

Term
Collenchyma Cells
Definition

-Unevenly thickened primary cell wall

-lack secondary cell wall

-ALIVE at maturity

-provide flexible support

Term
Sclerenchyma Cells
Definition

-Thick secondary cell wall containing lignin (main component of wood)

-Dead at maturity

-Ridgid support

Term
Water Conducting cells- tracheids and vessel elements
Definition

-both have thick secondary cell walls

-both are DEAD at maturity

-Chains of tracheids and vessel elements form tubes that make up the vascular tissue called xylem

Term
Food-Conducting Cells- SIEVE TUBE MEMBERS
Definition

- No secondary cell wall

-Alive at maturity but lack most organelles

-COMPANION CELLS (contain organelles and control operations of sieve tube members)

-Chains of sieve tube members, separated by porous SIEVE PLATES, form the vascular tissue caleld PHLOEM

Term
Plants aquire their nutrients from soil and air
Definition

-Plants take up carbon dioxide from the air to produce sugars via photosynthesis; oxygen is produced as a product of photosynthesis

-plants obtain water, minerals, and some oxygen from the soil

-using simple sugars as an energy source and as building blocks, plants convert the inorganic molecules they take up into the organic molecules of living plant tissue

Term
inorganic molecules taken up by plants
Definition

-carbon dioxide

-nitrogen

-magnesium

-phosphorus

Term
organic molecules produced by plants
Definition

-carbohydrates

-lipids

-proteins

-nucleic acids

Term
The what of root cells controwl solute uptake?
Definition
plasma membrane
Term
minerals taken up by plant roots are in what kind of solution?
Definition
a watery solution
Term
Water and minerals are absorbed through the _____ of the root and must be taken up by root cells before they enter the xylem
Definition
epidermis
Term
What of the plasma membrane of root cells controls what minerals enter the xylem?
Definition
selective permeability
Term
Transpiration pulls/ pushes water up xylem vessels?
Definition
PULLS
Term
xylem sap
Definition

the solution carried up through a plant in tracheids and vessel elements

-xylem sap is pulled up through roots and shoots to the leaves

-Evaporation of water from the surface of leaves called transpiration, is the driving force for the movement of xylem sap

-water's cohesion and adhesion allow water to be pulled up to the top of the highest trees

Term
Transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism
Definition

-water's cohesion describes its ability to stick to itself

-Water's adhesion describes its ability to sick to othe surfaces; water adheres to the inner surface of xylem cells

-A steep diffusion gradient pulls water molecules from the surface of leaves into much drier air

-The air's pull on water creates a tension that pulls on water in the xylem; since water is cohesive, it is pulled along, much as when a person sucks on a straw

*PULLS*

Term
what controls transpiration?
Definition
Guard cells control transpiration
Term
Plants must open pores in leaves called _____ to allow Co2 to enter for photosynthesis
Definition
stomata
Term
Water evaporates from the surface of leaves through what?
Definition
stomata
Term
____ guard cells surround each stoma?
Definition
paired
Term
Guard cells can regulate the amount of water lost from leaves by:
Definition
changing shape and closing the stomatal pore
Term
Stomata open when guard cells take up water
Definition

-Uneven cell walls of guard cells causes them to bow when water is taken up

-the bowing of the guard cells causes the pore of the stoma to open

 

-when guard cells become flaccid, the stoma closes

Term
several factors help regulate guard cell activity
Definition

-in general, stomata are open during the day and closed at night

-low Co2 concentration in leaves also signals guard cells to open stomata

Term
Phloem does what?
Definition
transports sugars
Term
Phloem transports the products of photosynthesis throughout the plant
Definition

-phloem is composed of long tubes of sieve tube members stacked end to end

-Phloem sap moves through sieve plates in sieve tube members

-sugars are carried through phloem from sources to sinks

Term
A sugar source
Definition

a plant organ that is a net producer of sugar via photosynthesis or breakdown of starch

-leaves produce sugars via photosynthesis

-roots and other storage organs produce sugar via breakdown of starch

Term
sugar sink
Definition

is a plant organ that is a net consumer of sugar or one that stores starch

-growing organs use sugar in cellular respiration

-roots and other organs store unused sugars as starch

Term
The pressure flow mechanism
Definition

-at sources, sugars are actively loaded into sieve tube members

-high solute concentration caused by the sugar in sieve tubes causes water to ruch in from nearby xylem cells

-flow of water into sieve tubes increases pressure at sources

-at sinks, sugars are unloakded from the sieve tubes and solute concentration decreases; water is lost and pressure is low

-the pressure gradient drives rapid movement of sugars from the sources to sinks

Term
plant growth is:
Definition

INDETERMINATE

-growth occurs throughout a plant's life

-plants are categorized based on how long they live (annuals, biennials, perennials)

Term
animal growth is:
Definition

DETERMINATE

-growth stops after a certain size is reached

Term
roots and shoots are lenghthened by:
Definition
primary growth
Term
Plant growth occurs in specialized tissues called meristems, what are the different types?
Definition

meristems- regions of active cell division

Apical meristems- found at the tips of roots and shoots

(primary growth occurs at apical meristems)

-primary growth allows roots to push downward through the soil and shoots to grow upward toward the sun

 

Term
the apical meristem of root tips are covered by what?
Definition
a root cap
Term
root growth occurs behind the root cap in 3 zones:
Definition

-zone of cell division- the apical meristem

-zone of cell elongation- cells lengthen by as much as 10 times

-zone of maturation- cells differentiate into dermal, vasuclar, and ground tissues

Term
What increases the girth of woody plants?
Definition
secondary growth
Term
where does Secondary growth occur?
Definition
at lateral meristems
Term
lateral meristems
Definition

areas of active cell division that exist in two cylinders that extend along the length of roots and shoots

 

Term
vascular cambium
Definition
a lateral meristem that lies between primary xylem and phloem
Term
cork cambium
Definition
a lateral meristem that lies at the outer edge of the stem cortex
Term
wood annual rings show layers of secondary xylem
Definition

-in temperate regions, periods of dormancy stop growth of secondary xylem

-rings occur in areas when new growth starts each year

Term
What (secondary phloem and cork) is sloughed off over time?
Definition
the bark
Term
What is the organ of sexual reproduction in angiosperms?
Definition
flowers
Term
flowers typically contain four types of highly modified leaves called floral organs:
Definition

-Sepals- enclose and protect flower bud

-Petals- showy; attract pollinators

-Stamens- male reproductive structures

-Carpels- female reproductive structures

Term
describe the structure of an angiosperm flower and the funcion of each part
Definition
Sepals, petals, stamens (anther and filament), carpels (stigma, style, and ovary which house ovules)
Term
explain the difference between the angiosperm sporophyte and gametophyte
Definition
The diploid generation is called the sporaphyte, while the haploid generation is called the gametophyte
Term
describe the series of the events that occur in the angiosperm life cycle from spore production to seed germination
Definition
Term
Describe some modes of plant asexual reproduction and conditions that favor asexual reproduction
Definition
Term
identify evolutionary adaptations that allow plants to live very long lives
Definition
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