Anatomy studies ____

while

Physiology studies____

anatomy-structure

Physiology-function

*animals consist of a hierarchy of levels or organization

Each are examples of what level?

A. muscle cell

B. muscle tissue

C. Heart

D. Circulatory System

E. Many organ systems functioning together

-Epithelial

- Connective

-Muscle

-Nervous

-Squamous- LIKE A FRIED EGG

-Cuboidal- as tall as they are wide

-Columnar- Taller then they are wide

1. Loose connective tissue

2. Fibrous connective tissue

3. Adipose tissue

4. Cartilage

5. Bone

6. Blood

Skeletal muscle:

Cardiac muscle:

Smooth muscle:

Skeletal: causes VOLUNTARY movements

Cardiac: pumps blood

Smooth: moves walls of internal organs, such as the intestines

Tissues

(each tissue performs a specific funcion)

many

(each organ system has one or more functions)

Endocrine system:

Skeletal and muscular systems:

Circulatory system:

Respiratory system:

Integumentary system:

Excretory system:

Lymphatic and immune systems:

Reproductive system:

Digestive system:

Nervous system:

Endocrine system: controls body functions

Skeletal and muscular systems: support and move the body

Circulatory system: transports the food and oxygen

Respiratory system: abosrbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

Integumentary system: covers and protects the body

Excretory system: disposes of certain wastes

Lymphatic and immune systems: protect the body from infection and cancer

Reproductive system: perpetuates the species

Digestive system: absorbs food

Nervous system: controls body functions

-Respiratory system exchanges gases

-Digestive system aquires food and eliminates wastes

-Excretory system eliminates metabolic waste

-Herbivores-Plant-eathers (cattle, snails, sea urchins)

-Carnivores- meat eaters (lions, hawks, spiders)

-Omnivores- eating both plants and other animals ( humans, roaches, raccoons, crows)

-Ingestion

-Digestion

-Absorption

-Elimination

-easier to swallow

-smaller pieces have more surface area exposed to digestive fluids

Breaks down large organic molecules into their components

-Proteins split into amino acids

-polysaccharides and disaccharides into monosaccharides

-nucleic acids into nucleotides

-Salivary enzymes begin the hydrolysis of starch

-Buffers neutralize acids

-Antibacterial agents kills some bacteria ingested with food

How is food moved?----

(just in case, i don't think it's on the test)

-alternating waves of contraction and relaxation by smooth muscle in the walls of the canal move food along in a process called peristalsis

-Sphincters control the movement of food into and out of digestive chambers

-the trachea conducts air to the lungs

-the esophagus conducts food from the pharynx to the stomach

The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes:

ACID

- pH2

-Parietal cells secrete hydrogena and chloride ions, which combine to make HCl

-Acid kills bacteria and breaks apart cells in food

PEPSIN

-pepsin begins with the chemical digestion of proteins

-acidic gastric juices mix with food to produce acid CHYME!!!

-mucus helps protect against HCl and pepsin

-New cells lining the stomach are produced about every 3 days

pancreatic juice-

Bile-

Pancreatic juice- neutralizes acid chyme and its enzymes digest food

-bile- made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder, emulsifies fat for attack by pancreatic enzymes

diarrhea occurs when:

Constipation occurs when:

diarrhea occurs when: too little water is reclaimed

Constipation occurs when: when too much water is reclaimed

-fuel to power the body

-Organic molecules to build molecules

-Essential nutrients-raw materials that animals cannot make for themselves

-Nutrients are oxidized inside cells to make ATP

- ATP is the main energy "currency" in a cell

-Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are the main sources of deitary calories

(a gram of fat has more than twice as many calories as a gram of carbohydrate or protien)

-Breathing

-Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood

-Body tissues take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide

(cellular respiration requires a continuous supply of oxygen and the disposal of carbon dioxide.)

From NASAL CAVITY to

PHARYNX then LARYNX, past the VOCAL CORDS, into theTRACHEA, held open by the cartilage rings into the paired BRONCHI into BRONCHIOLES and finally to the ALVEOLI, grapelike clusters of air sacs, where gas exchange occurs.

-high surface area of capillaries

-high surface area of alveoli

-O2 diffuses into the blood

-CO2 diffuses out of the blood

-protect the lungs

-can be damaged by smoking

-The rib cage expands

-The diaphragm moves downward

-The pressure around the lungs decreases

-Air is drawn into the respiratory tract

-The rib cage contracts

-The diaphragm moves upward

-The pressure around the lungs increases

-air is forced out of the respiratory tract

-some air still remains in the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

-This remaining air is "dead air"

-Thus, inhalation mixes fresh air with dead air

-The right side pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

-The left side pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body

-Is used by almost all vertebrates and many invertebrates

-Transports oxygen, buffers blood, and transports Co2

-Nutrients

-Gas Exchange

-Removal of wastes

-Blood

-Heart

-Blood vessels

1. Right ventricle

2. Pulmonary artery

3. Capillaries of left/right lung

4. Pulmonary vein

5. Left/right atrium

6. Left Ventricle

7. Aorta

8. Up to Capillaries of head, chest and arms, down to capillaries of abdominal region and legs

9. Superior vena cava

10. Right/left atrium

-Two thin-walled atria that pumps blood to ventricles

- Thick-walled ventricles that pump blood to lungs and all other body regions

-sets the tempo of the heartbeat

-sets the rate of heart contractions

-Generates electrical signals in atria

-Lined by single layer of epithelial cells

-Smooth muscle in walls can reduce blood flow

-Elastic fibers permit recoil after stretching

-Veins have one-way valves that restrict backward flow

-Thin walls- a single layer of epithelial cells

-Narrow- blood cells flow in a single file

-Increase surface area for gas and fluid exchange

-Number of cotyledons (seed leaves)

-Pattern of leaf venation

-Arrangement of stem vascular tissue

-Number of flower parts

-Root structure

Monocots

-One cotyledon

-Parallel leaf venation

-Scattered vascular bundles

-Flower parts in 3s or multiples of 3

-Fibrous roots

-Two cotyledons

-Branched leaf venation

-Ring of vascular bundles

-Flower parts in 4s or 5s (or multiples)

-Taproot system

-anchor plant

-absorb water and nutrients

-store food

-stems, leaves, and reproductive structures

-stems provide support

-leaves carry out photosynthesis

node:

root hairs:

node: attaches leaf to stem

root hairs: little hairs on thicker part of root that increases surface area for absorption

-food or water storage

-asexual reproduction

-protection

-climbing

-photosynthesis

-food storage

----large taproots store starches

( carrots, turnips, sugar beets, sweet potatoes)

-Stolon-asexual reproduction

-Rhizomes-Storage, asexual reproduction

-Tubers- storage, asexual reproduction

-Cactus stem-water storage and photosynthesis

-protection-cactus spine

-climbing-pea plant tendril

Dermal tissue

Vascular tissue

Ground tissue

-Bulk of the plant body

-Food production, storage, support

-layer of tightly packed cells called the epidermis

-first line of defense against damage and infection

-Waxy layer called cuticle reduces water loss

-

-Composed of xylem (water transport) and phloem (food transport)

-arranged in bundles

-lies between dermal and vascular tissue

-Eudicot stem ground tissue is divided into pith and cortex

-leaf ground tissue is called mesophyll

-Chloroplast used in photosynthesis

-a large, fluid-filled vacuole

-A cell wall composed of cellulose

-Primary cell wall-outermost layers

-Secondary cell wall- Tough layer inside primary wall

-Parenchyma

-Collenchyma

-Sclerenchyma

-Water-conducting

-Food-conducting

-Most abundant cell type

-Thin primary cell wall

-Lack secondary cell wall

-ALIVE at maturity

-Funcion in photosynthesis, food and water storage

-Unevenly thickened primary cell wall

-lack secondary cell wall

-ALIVE at maturity

-provide flexible support

-Thick secondary cell wall containing lignin (main component of wood)

-Dead at maturity

-Ridgid support

-both have thick secondary cell walls

-both are DEAD at maturity

-Chains of tracheids and vessel elements form tubes that make up the vascular tissue called xylem

- No secondary cell wall

-Alive at maturity but lack most organelles

-COMPANION CELLS (contain organelles and control operations of sieve tube members)

-Chains of sieve tube members, separated by porous SIEVE PLATES, form the vascular tissue caleld PHLOEM

-Plants take up carbon dioxide from the air to produce sugars via photosynthesis; oxygen is produced as a product of photosynthesis

-plants obtain water, minerals, and some oxygen from the soil

-using simple sugars as an energy source and as building blocks, plants convert the inorganic molecules they take up into the organic molecules of living plant tissue

-carbon dioxide

-nitrogen

-magnesium

-phosphorus

-carbohydrates

-lipids

-proteins

-nucleic acids

the solution carried up through a plant in tracheids and vessel elements

-xylem sap is pulled up through roots and shoots to the leaves

-Evaporation of water from the surface of leaves called transpiration, is the driving force for the movement of xylem sap

-water's cohesion and adhesion allow water to be pulled up to the top of the highest trees

-water's cohesion describes its ability to stick to itself

-Water's adhesion describes its ability to sick to othe surfaces; water adheres to the inner surface of xylem cells

-A steep diffusion gradient pulls water molecules from the surface of leaves into much drier air

-The air's pull on water creates a tension that pulls on water in the xylem; since water is cohesive, it is pulled along, much as when a person sucks on a straw

*PULLS*

-Uneven cell walls of guard cells causes them to bow when water is taken up

-the bowing of the guard cells causes the pore of the stoma to open

-when guard cells become flaccid, the stoma closes

-in general, stomata are open during the day and closed at night

-low Co2 concentration in leaves also signals guard cells to open stomata

-phloem is composed of long tubes of sieve tube members stacked end to end

-Phloem sap moves through sieve plates in sieve tube members

-sugars are carried through phloem from sources to sinks

a plant organ that is a net producer of sugar via photosynthesis or breakdown of starch

-leaves produce sugars via photosynthesis

-roots and other storage organs produce sugar via breakdown of starch

is a plant organ that is a net consumer of sugar or one that stores starch

-growing organs use sugar in cellular respiration

-roots and other organs store unused sugars as starch

-at sources, sugars are actively loaded into sieve tube members

-high solute concentration caused by the sugar in sieve tubes causes water to ruch in from nearby xylem cells

-flow of water into sieve tubes increases pressure at sources

-at sinks, sugars are unloakded from the sieve tubes and solute concentration decreases; water is lost and pressure is low

-the pressure gradient drives rapid movement of sugars from the sources to sinks

INDETERMINATE

-growth occurs throughout a plant's life

-plants are categorized based on how long they live (annuals, biennials, perennials)

DETERMINATE

-growth stops after a certain size is reached

meristems- regions of active cell division

Apical meristems- found at the tips of roots and shoots

(primary growth occurs at apical meristems)

-primary growth allows roots to push downward through the soil and shoots to grow upward toward the sun

-zone of cell division- the apical meristem

-zone of cell elongation- cells lengthen by as much as 10 times

-zone of maturation- cells differentiate into dermal, vasuclar, and ground tissues

areas of active cell division that exist in two cylinders that extend along the length of roots and shoots

-in temperate regions, periods of dormancy stop growth of secondary xylem

-rings occur in areas when new growth starts each year

-Sepals- enclose and protect flower bud

-Petals- showy; attract pollinators

-Stamens- male reproductive structures

-Carpels- female reproductive structures