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| Feed on other plants/animals. Unable to perform photosynthesis. |
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| In plants, the haploid (n), gamete producing generation, which alternates with the diploid (2n) sporophyte. |
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| The spore-producing diploid (2n) phase in the life cycle of a planthaving alternation of generations. |
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| Alteration of Generations |
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| A reproductive cycle in which a haploid (n) phase (gametophyte), gives rise to gametes, which, after fusion to form a zygote, germinateto produce a dipolid (2n) phase (sporophyte). Spores produced by meiotic division from the sporophyte give rise to new gametophytes, completing the cycle. |
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| Closest living descendants of the first land plants; nontracheopytes (lack specialized transport cells); non-photosynthetic sporophyte is nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte. |
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| Require water for reproduction; liverworts, undergo asexual reproduction. |
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| The most abundant group of seedless vascular plants; a pterophyte; sporophytes have rhizomes & the leaves are fronds whigh develop as coils at the tip of the rhizome; homosporous. |
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| Homosporous pterophytes; ribbed, jointed photosynthetic stems that arise from the branching rhizomes. |
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| A seed plant with seeds not enclosed in an ovary; conifers are gymnosperms. |
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| Only ginkgophyte left; gymnosperm; dioecious= male & female reproductive structures on different trees. The covering of the female seeds has a rancid odor, similar to rotting flesh. |
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| Largest gymnosperm phylum. Include pines, spruces, firs, cedars, and many other trees. Useful source for many products. |
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| The flowering plants, one of five phyla of seed plants. In angiosperms, the ovules at the time of pollination are completely enclosed by tissues. |
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| Short for monocotledon; flowerinf plant in which the embryos have only cotyledon, the floral parts are generally in threes, & the leaves are typically parallel-veined. |
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| Short for dicotyledon; a class of flowering plants generally characterized as having two cotyledons, net-veined leaves, and flower parts usually in fours/fives. |
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| Photosynthetic Organs/ Photosynthate |
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| The apical meristem gives rise to three types of plant tissue. The protoderm forms the epidermis, the procambium produces primary vascular tissue, and the ground meristems form the ground tissue. |
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| Undifferentiated plant tissue from which new cells arise. |
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| Grow, flower, and form fruits and seeds within one growing season and die when the process is complete. |
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| Continue to grow year after year and may be herbaceous or woody. The stems often die every year. Usually have a large underground system for storage of food. |
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| Plants that normally require two growing seasons to complete their life cycle. They flower in the secong year of the cycle. |
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| The most common type of plant cell; characterized by large vacuoles, thin walls, and functional nuclei. |
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| In plants, the cells that form a supporting tissue called collenchyma; often found in regions of primary growth in stems and in some leaves. |
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| Tough, thick-walled cells that strengthen plant tissues. |
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| In vascular plants, a specialized tissue, composed primarily of elongate, thick walled conducting cells, which transports water and solutes through the plant body. |
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| In plant xylem, dead cells that taper at the ends and overlap one another. |
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| Evolved from tracheids; have thick, lignified secondary walls and no living protoplast at maturity. They are contiguous tubes formed from dead, hollow, cylindrical cells arranged end-to-end; part of the xylem. |
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| In vascular plants, a food conducting tissue basically composed of seive elements, various kinds of parenchyma cells, fibers, and sclereids. |
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| Lack a nucleus; occur end-to-end, forming longitudinal series of sieve members. Each sieve member has a companion cell. Used for food conductivity. |
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| A specialized parenchyma cell that is associated with each sieve-tube member in the phloem. |
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| In plants, a minute opening bordered by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems; water passes out of a plant mainly through the stomata. |
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| In plants, one of a pair of sausage-shaped cells flanking a stoma; the guard cells open & close a stomata. |
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| Flattened, photosynthetic stems that resemble leaves. Grown on cactus and several other plants. |
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| In plants, loose parenchymal tissue w/ large air spaces in it; often found in plants that grow in water. |
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| A membrane channel that allows water to cross the membrane more easily than by diffusion through the membrane. |
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| Spongy areas in the cork surfaces of stem, roots, and other plant parts that allow interchange of gases between internal tissues and the atmosphere through the periderm. |
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| In vascular plants, the growing point at the tip of the root or stem. |
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| In vascular plants, the meristems that give rise to secondary tissue; the vascular cambium and cork cambium. |
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| Two types of lateral meristems; within the bark of a woody plant is cork cambium; beneath the bark is the vascular cambium which produces the secondary vascular tissue. |
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| Cells derived from the meristems in both roots and shoot differentiate into one of three tissue systems: dermal, ground, and vascular. |
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| In plants, the long-distance transport of soluble food molecules (mostly sucrose), which occurs mostly in the sieve tubes of phloem tissue. |
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| The loss of water vapor by plant parts; most transpiration occurs through the stomata. |
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| Excretion of aphids that ants eat. |
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| Part of the reproductive system that bees, other insects, and hummingbirds drink. Liquid form of male reproductive parts. |
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| Transpiration- Cohesion Theory |
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| Water molecules stick to each other (cohesion), so transpiration occurs as the water evaporates from the stomata. This property of water causes a pulling motion away from the stomata, towards the rest of the plant. |
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| Dissolved carbohydrates flow from a source (photosynthetic tissues) and are released into sinks (food storage tissues, tips of root, stems, and developing fruit) where they are utilized. |
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| Removing a substantial strip of bark down to the vascular cambium. The plant will eventually die from starvation of the roots. |
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| Cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells. |
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| Rings in the stump of a tree reveal annual patterns of cambium growth. |
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| White rings within the stump that display vascular growth for every spring season. |
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| Darker rings within the vascular cambium of a tree stump that display growth within every summer season. |
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| In vascular plants, growth originating in the apical meristems of shoots and roots; results in an increase in length. |
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| In vascular plants, an increase in stem and root diameter made possibly by cell division of the lateral meristem. |
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| The lateral meristem that forms the periderm, producing cork (phellem) toward the surface (outside) of the plant & phelloderm toward the inside. |
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| A symbiotic association between fungi and the roots of a plant. |
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| A tubular extension from an epidermis cell located just behind the root tip; roots hairs greatly increase the root surface for absorption. |
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| One of the three embryonic germ layers of early vertebrate embryos, destined to give rise to the epithelium that lines internal structures & most of the digestive & respiratory tracts. |
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| A band that encircles the cell wall of root endodermal cells. Adjacent cells' strips connect, forming a layer through which water cannot pass; therefore, all water entering roots must pass through cell membranes and cytoplasm. |
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| Each ovule contains one megaspore mother cell. This cell goes through meiosis & produces four haploid megaspores. |
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| Anthers contain four microsporangia which produce microspore mother cells (2n). Microspore mother cells under go meiotic cell division to produce microspores (n). |
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| These spores are in anthers and go through mitosis and wall differentiation to become pollen. |
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| Only one out of four survive after the megaspore mother cells under go meiosis. This megaspore will enlarge and repeatidly performs mitotic divisions to produce eight haploid nuclei that are enclosed w/in a seven-celled embryo sac. |
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| The fusion of the egg and sperm (resulting in a 2n fertilized egg, the zygote) and the simultaneous fusion of the second male gamete w/ the polar nuclei (resulting in a primary endosperm nucleus, which is often triploid, 3n); a unique characteristic of all angiosperms. |
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| Microspores that have two microsporangia on each side that formed pollen sacs. Inside the pollen grian is a generative cell, that cell later divides to form sperm cells. |
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| A seed keaf that generally stores food in dicots or absorbs it in monocots, providing nourishment used during seed germination. |
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| Insects, birds, and other animals that transfer pollen between plants of the same species. |
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| In angiosperm flowers, the region of a carpel that serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains. Also, a light-sensitive eyespot of some algae. |
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| In flowers, the slender column of tissue that arises from the top of the ovary & through which the pollen tube grows. |
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| In flowering plants, the enlarged basil portion of a carpel that contains the ovule; the ovary matures to become the fruit. |
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| Place where eggs develop within the angiosperm flower. Each ovule contains one megaspore mother cell. |
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| In plants, the chromosome number characteristic of the sporophyte generation; in contrast to haploid (n). Has two sets of chromosomes (2n). |
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| Having only one set of chromosomes (n). |
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| The diploid (2n) cell resulting from the fusion of male and female gametes (feritlization). |
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| What the sperm cell fertilizes a central egg cell with, which in turn results in cell division to produce the nutrient source (endosperm) for the embryo. Another sperm cell fertilizes the egg to produce the embryo. |
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| In some plants, production of only one type of spore rather than differentiated types. |
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| In vascular plants, having spores of two kinds, namely, microspores and megaspores. |
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| The floral whorl that comprises the stamens. |
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| In angiosperm flowers, the pollen-bearing portion of a stamen. |
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| The multicellular egg-producing organ in bryophytes and some vascular plants. |
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| Contains the haploid nuclei within an egg in the ovule. |
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| Part of the flower, within the stamen that holds up the anther. Long straw-like structure. |
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| The aggregate of carpels in the flower of a seed plant. |
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| seed coat around an angiosperm ovule. |
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| In the ovule of seed plants, an opening in the integuments through which the pollen tube usually enters. |
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| Tissue composing the chief pair of a young ovules, in which the embryo sac develops; equivalent to a megasporangium. |
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| The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma. |
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| Primary endosperm nucleus |
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| In flowering plants, the result of fusion of a sperm nucleus & the (usually two) two polar nuclei. |
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| A vehicle for dispersing the embryos to various sites. Protective coat. |
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| A haploid reproductive cell, usually unicellular, capable of developing into an adult w/out fusion w/ another cell. |
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| The organ of a flower that produces the pollen; usually consists of anther and filament; collectively, the stamens make up the androecium. |
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| Long-chain lipids that are components of many biologically important pigments, such as chlorophyll and the visual pigment retinal. |
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