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Bio Exam 3
Gayou
119
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/20/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the are the two types of animal reproduction?
Definition

I. Asexual

II. Sexual

Term
Asexual Reproduction
Definition
one parent, offspring have same genetics except with mutation, least amount of energy used
Term
fragmentation (fission)
Definition

asexual, organism splits into 2, each half becoming a complete individual 

ex: amoebas, flatworms, sea stars: tore apart great barrier reef people cut them up ... bad

Term
Budding
Definition

Asexual

hydra, filter feeder, buds off of a little version of its self

An asexual reproductive structure, as in yeast or a hydra, that consists of an outgrowth capable of developing into a new individual.

Term
Parthenogenesis
Definition

Asexual, modification of asexual production. Unfertilized egg grows into individual off spring. Same genes

 

Ex: arizona whip tale: males have been eliminated, save energy, clones, why change if environment does not

Term
Sexual Reproduction
Definition

+Variation is key

+ lots of energy 

+Reproduction by the union of male and female gametes to form a zygote

Term
Hermaphroditic
Definition

male & female parts, do not want to mate with self variation is the goalk

 

ex: earthworms- both go away pregnant, everyone can reproduce with everyone

Term
Reproductive Timing
Definition

One breeding cycle every year

+breed in bad weather

+give birth in nice weather

Term
External Fertilization
Definition

+sperm cell is united with an egg cell external to the bodies of the reproducing individuals

 

ex: fish have lots of eggs & sperm because a lot of them are lost in water

Term
Internal Fertilization
Definition
takes place inside individual, female does not have to make as many eggs
Term
Fetus
Definition
embryo of an animal that bears its young alive
Term
Menstrual Cycle
Definition
The periodic series of changes in the female reproductive system associated with the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy; the cycle is repeated roughly every twenty-eight days. During the menstrual cycle, an ovum is released from one of the ovaries (the release is called ovulation), and the uterus develops an inner lining enriched with blood to prepare it for the possible implantation of azygote. If fertilization and implantation do not take place, the lining of the uterus is discharged during menstruation.
Term

Endometrium

 

Definition
Inner lining of uterus, shed every 28 days
Term

FSH

(Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

Definition

+makes follicle to begin to make an egg

+ regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes


Term
Follicle
Definition
produces estrogen, begins to rebuild endometrium
Term
LH (Luteinizing hormone)
Definition

In 

Females: triggers ovulation and corpus luteum development

Males: triggers production of testosterone 

 

Term
hormone production in females if sperm did not find the egg
Definition

+amount of LH production lowers

+ Corpus Luteum begins to lower production of estrogen or progesterone

+Endometrium wall begins to to fall off and thats menstration 

Term

Corpus Luteum

 

Definition

+Used to be follicle

is a temporary endocrine structure in mammals, involved in production of progestogen, which is needed to maintain the endometrium.

Term
Hormone production in females sperm does find egg (zygote)
Definition

+ zygote makes it to endometrium wall and is embedded 

+ HCG levels rise

+ Placenta

+lots of hormones are being produced at this time

+ once pregnant no more follicles are produced

Term
Implantation
Definition
zygote embedded into endometrial wall
Term
HCG (Human Chronic Gonadotropin)
Definition
is a glycoprotein hormone produced in pregnancy that is made by the developing embryo soon after conception and later by the syncytiotrophoblast (part of the placenta). Its role is to prevent the disintegration of the corpus luteum of the ovary and thereby maintain progesterone production that is critical for a pregnancy in humans
Term
male hormone production
Definition
same hormones as females, @ puberty, make sperm till death
Term
Animal Behavior
Definition
what an animal does when it is interacting with its environment (Ethology)
Term
Ethology & founders
Definition

+Karl Von Frisch (studied bees, Germany)

+Konrad Lorenz

+Niko Tinberga

Term
What underlies all animal behavior, eating, protecting young etc?
Definition
Evolution
Term
What effects how you behave?
Definition
Genetics & Learning
Term
Lovebirds.... experiment & who
Definition

+Fischer's lovebird- built nest out of paper w/o an influence (genetic ability)

+Peach faced love bird- tucked paper into tail (genetic)

+Hybrid breed- confused, learned to put in mouth 

Term
Innate Behavior
Definition

+genetically programed behavior

+important to survival

Term
Fixed Action Patter (FAPS)
Definition

+An unchanging behavioral sequence that must be done in its entirety 

Ex 1: Geese- egg rolled scientist, put it back in nest, but still had to "retrieve nothing"

+Genetically built behavior

+ Ex 2: European Cuckoo

Term
Stimulus
Definition

 something that rouses or incites to activity

 

ex: baby birds when nest shakes

Term
Learning by Behavior
Definition

+ change in behavior resulting from experience 

(1) Habituation

(2) Imprinting

(3) Association

Term
Habituation
Definition

+Loss of response to stimulus after getting repeated w/o hard

+ Ex: Birds with scarecrow

+Saves energy because can ignore (do not have to worry)

Term
Imprinting
Definition

+ Limited to specific window of opportunity

+ Once behavior is learned it cannot be unlearned

+ This time frame is called critical period

+ Ex: first thing grew goose see is mom, genetically programed to learn within 48 hours

Term
Association (Classical Conditioning)
Definition

+Dependent on reinforcement 

+ Do well = Get rewarded

+ Do Bad = Get hit

+ Ex: dogs started drooling when lights went on, they know thats when they get food

Term
Animal Migration
Definition

Regular movement of critters to one place to another & then back to first place

 

Ex: Gray Whales - baja peninsula to gulf of cali (making its easy for poachers) 

Monarch Butterfly- Mexico to north

 

Term
Magnetic Field
Definition

+Birds have in their ears (iron containing mineral)

+act as a compass

Term
Feeding Behaviors
Definition

Predator looks for for prey

GRRRRRR

Term

Search Image

(feeding behavior)

Definition
Key on one type of food when it is abundant, easy to find, switch to next food when less abundant
Term

Optimal Foraging

(Feeding Behavior)

Definition

Maximizing calories you get for the least amount of work

 

Ex: Jaguars in Belize- Main diet consists of armadillos and tapirs. Eat mostly armadillos (way easier)

Term

Social Behavior

 

Definition
two animals reacting with each other
Term
Communication
Definition
transferring info between individuals
Term
Antipredator
Definition
Packs of animals can watch for predators.
Term
Agonistic Behavior
Definition
Combat, threats between 2 animals (settles disputes Alpha male vs. Beta male), ritualized don't fight till death
Term
Dominance Hierarchy
Definition
A pack order 1,2,3,4 every animal knows where they belong, only best get to breed
Term
Territorial Behavior
Definition

+Territory: fixed area defended by an individual or group

Ex: Birds have territory

+dogs mark territoy by urinating

Term
Mating Behavior
Definition
spring so much testosterone, court ship dances, blah blah blah
Term
Evolution
Definition
Species changing over time
Term

Anaximanter (sp?)

Definition
Species can change over time
Term
Aristotal
Definition
Species are fixed once they are here, do not change
Term
George Buffon
Definition
1778, proved that things change over time, @ first kept his results to themselves
Term
Georges Cuvier
Definition
Noted that fossils of past are different from animals today. invented Aientology (sp?) published work people like him.
Term
Lamark
Definition

+Early 1800's

+large cash prizes and contests

+ explanation for fossils of past animals being different from animals of today

Term
Charles Darwin
Definition

+Research vessel: biologist, scientists, collected animals 

+ hired as a biologist, 5 years, South America, islands, New Zealand 

+ Collected fossils from multiple continents realizing some resembled each other

+ discovered 60,000 arch types (New Species)

Term
Charles Lyell
Definition

+ Principles of geology

+ thought maybe earth was a million years old

Term
Descent w/ Modification
Definition
things get modified along the way
Term
Alfred Russell Wallace
Definition

+ Suggested things change

+ spent 6 years in Indonesia

+ data same a Charles Darwin 

+ Published his work, but Darwin published his a year later

Term
Natural Selection
Definition

+Mechanism to evolution

+ More offspring are produced than what can survive

+ Bell curve

 

Term
Adaptive
Definition

+ Some species are more adaptive

 

Ex: fast rabbit vs. slow rabbit

fast rabbit will live longer and pass on genes so rabbits get faster

+ slow rabbit will have a tougher time breeding

Term
differential reproduction
Definition

+Individual who leaves most offspring wins

+ Survival of the fittest

Term
Industrial Melanism
Definition

Ex: Peppered moths

+ H.B.D Kettlewell studied the dark and light forms of these moths. (1950s)

+ Before & after industrial Revolution in England

B4: 1% dark form 99% Light form

After: Opposite

Lichen was on trees then not easy for birds to prey on one or the other.

Term
Natural Selection
Definition

+Adapts a population to their environment

3 types

(1) Stabilizing Selection

(2) Directional Selection

(3) Disruptive Selection

Term
Stabilizing Selection
Definition

+Favors the average

+ if you are extreme : SUCKS

+ Average will have more offspring

+ less extremes over time on bell curve

Ex: Human birth weight: lowest death count lies between 7 & 8 lb

Term
Directional Selection
Definition

+Strong selective pressure against one side of bell curve. +bell curve will move to left or right

 

.:.Ex.:. Peppered Moth 

Term
Disruptive Selection / Diversifying Selection
Definition

+ Natural selection favors both extremes

+ Average is screwed

.:.Ex.:. 

Cardinals: Females brown tones, Males Vibrant orange/red 

Ex 2: Sea lions males 3x larger than females

Term
Genetic Drift
Definition

A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next. Effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations.

Two types:

(1) bottle neck effect

(2) The founde effect

Term
Bottle Neck Effect
Definition
Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions. Typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population
Term
Founder Effect
Definition
Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from larger population and for a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population
Term
Fungi
Definition

+ heterotroph (does not make own food)

+digestion is external (releases chemicals & absorbs)

+ 2 types

(1) Decomposers

(2) Parasites

Term
Parasite
Definition

an organism that lives on or in an organism of another species, known as the host, from the body of which it obtains nutriment.

(Fungi)

Term
Decomposer
Definition

usually a bacterium or fungus, that breaks down the cells of dead plants and animals into simpler substances.

+ rot, releases chemicals in dead (recycles)

(1) Zygomeycetes

(2) ascomycetes

(3) Basidomycetes

Term
Zygomycetes
Definition

+Fast growing mold

+ ex: black bread mold

grows on bread (zygospores)

Term
Ascomycetes
Definition

+Spores are contained in Asci

+characterized by bearing the sexual spores in a sac 

Ex: Truffle, morel, penicillin, molds

+chestnut blight: chestnut trees wiped out in America 

Term
Basidomycetes
Definition

+characterized by bearing the spores on a basidium, including the smuts, rust, mushrooms, and puffballs.

+ Club Fungi (classic mushrooms)

+ Smuts- kill rye, wheat

+ poisonous mushrooms shut down liver

Term
Lichens
Definition

+ symbiotic relationship between green algae & fungus

+together can live in almost anything

 

Term
Succession
Definition

Replacemnt of one plant or animal in a community for another

 

Term
Pioneer Species
Definition

 +species which colonize previously uncolonized land, usually leading to ecological succession

+ Usually poor quality land, few nutrients

 

 ex: lichens growing on fresh lava rock

Term
Dessication
Definition
Drying out
Term
Bryophyta
Definition

+ non-vascular ( no vascular tissue)

+ Spores to reproduce

+ live in very moist areas

+ no roots, leaves

ex: moss low & moist

Term
Xylem
Definition
transports water
Term
Phloem
Definition

+transports food (saps, sugars)

+ vascular tissue

Term
Tracheophyta
Definition

+ All vascular plants

+ you mow it!

+two types

(1) Seedless vascular plants

(2) Seed Plants 

Term
Seedless vascular plants
Definition

+(xylem, phoelm), produce spores

+Ex: Ferns, horsetails

Term
Seed Plants
Definition

+ Energy stored in seeds

(1) Gymnosperms

(2) Angiosperms

Term
Gymnosperms
Definition

+naked seed group, not protected by a fruit

 

Ex: Conifers- pine cone: lots of naked seeds

Most primitive are ginkgo (have not changed for 100s of millions of years)

Term
Angiosperms
Definition
Fruit, protect seeds
Term
Shared Characteristics of all Animals
Definition

*mulitcellular

*heterotrophs (ingest other organism)

*sexual reprodcution

*Embryonic development (simple to complex..grow)

* Motile (can move on their own)

* Body Symmetry (radial or bilateral symmetry)

*Body Cavity

*Repetition of body units

* cephalization (some sort of head or front)

*evolved from protista

Term
Invertebrates
Definition

*No backbone or internal support system (external)

* 97% of animals

*Types (7): Porifera, Cnidaria, Flatworms, Nematodes, Mollusks, Annelids, Arthropods

Term
Porifera
Definition

Sponges:

*filter feeders

*Motile for a bit, latch onto something for life

*No tissues (just bunches of cells)

 

Term
Cnidaria
Definition

*Jellies:

*Radial Symmetry

*nettle: stings (grasps with tenticles)

*Invented tissue

*Carnivorous

Ex: sea anemones, corals, hydra

Term
Flat Worms
Definition

* First to have bilateral symmetry

*no body cavity

*simple

 

ex: ((fluks?? sp.)) & tapeworms

Term
Nematodes
Definition

*cylinder shape (3D)

 

ex: hookworms (little kids get)

round worms (simpler than earthworms)

 

Term

Mollusk(s)

Mollusc(s)

Definition

*"Soft Bodied"

*First to come up with circulatory system (mostly open)

*2nd largest animal group

* Exoskeleton shell (mantle)

* 3 types(1) Gastropods 

(2) Bivalves

(3) Cephalopods

Term
Gastropods
Definition

Mullusk

example: snail, slug

Term
Bivalves
Definition

* Mullusk

*makes shell when to large

*example: fresh water clam, clam, oyster

Term
Cephalopods
Definition

*Mollusk

*Squid

*Came up with the closed circulatory system

* More efficient at moving

*fast

Term
Annelids
Definition

*Segmented worms

 

ex: earthworm, leech

Term
Arthopods
Definition

*Joint-footed

* Over 1 million

* Paired joined appendages 

3 Types

(A) Archarids

(B) Crustacea

(C) Insecta

Term
Arachnids
Definition

*Suck body fluids from animals (carnivorous)

* 8 legs

 

Example: Spider, Scorpion, Tick

Term
Insecta
Definition

*900,000 known species

*insects

comprising small, air-breathing arthropods having the body divided into three parts (head, thorax, and abdomen), and having three pairs of legs and usually two pairs of wings.

Term
Crustacea
Definition

* Chitinous exoskeleton

* 2 pairs of anntenea

* Pair of appendages

 

* Ex: Lobster, crabs, shrimp, crawdad, sow bugs, pill bugs

Term
Echinoderms
Definition

*Most advance invertebrate group

*first to have internal support system

*not made up of bone or cartlidge

Ex: Sea Stars

 

Term

Vertebrates (Chordates)

*characteristics that show up at some pt in life time

Definition

(A) Notochord (Cartilage Spine)

(B) Dorsal Nerve Chord- Nerves bundled together adjacent to notochord 

(C) Gill Slits

(D) Tail

Term
Myxini
Definition

*Hagfish: cartilage skeleton

*Produce black slime

*suck fish dryyyy

 

Term
Chondrichthyes
Definition

* Cartlidge Skeleton

* Developed Jaws

* Sharks, rays, skate

Term
ostelchthyes
Definition

*developed bones

* any fish with complete bone structure

 

Term
Amphibians
Definition

*First group to leave water enviornment

*Must reproduce in water

* External Reproduction

*Cant let skin dry out

* Odd place for appendages

* From developed special back appendages so they could hop

Term
Reptiles
Definition

* Do not need water environment

*Internal fertilization (invented penis)

*Lungs (respiratory system)

*Developed amniotic eggs (water proof shell)

ex: crocodiles (invented 4 chamber heart & warm blooded)

Term
Reptiles evolved to ..... :
Definition
Birds & Mammals
Term
Birds
Definition

*warm blooded (regulates internal temp)

*Amniotic egg

*Do not have teeth 

*All birds have scales

* hallow bones

*Ex. Frigate bird skeleton weighs 4 ounces

Term
Mammals (3 types)
Definition

*Developed Hair

(1) monotremes: Lay eggs, no teeth

Ex: duck bill platapus

(2) Marsupials: no placenta, young develop in pouch Ex: Kangaroo

(3) Placental mammals:young develop inside mom

 

Term
Population Ecology
Definition

Changes in the size of a population & factors.

*why population goes up or down

Term
Population
Definition

Interbreeding organsims of same species occupying a givin area at a given time

Ex: Grey squirels in Columbia

Grey squirrels in St.louis

Term
Population Density
Definition

Number of individuals in a particular space or place

 

Ex: blue jays in a certain area (hard)

Plants (easy)

Term
Indirect Indicators
Definition

Look at number of rodents burrows, bird nests, other indicator of species.......

 

*for critters that do not like people

 

Term
Mark-Recapture
Definition

*Trap animals, mark them and let them go 

 

* Used to estimate population size in given area

 

 

Term
Dispersion Patterns : definition and 3 types
Definition

* how critters are spread out in an area

3 types

(1) Clumped- live in patches around recources

(2) Uniform- Same amount of space per critter (during breeding periods)

(3) Random- Find in rain forest.. lots of fruit trees, animals eat and defecate

Term

Unregulated Growth

(Exponential Growth)

 

Definition

Population growth increases rapidly under IDEAL conditions: plenty of food, mates ....

*J-Shaped Curve

G=rN

r: intrinsic rate of increase (ex: mouse vs. elephant)

N: number of critters

G: Growth Rate

 

Term
Population limiting factors
Definition

*Factors limiting population growth 

 

Ex: food, space, mates

*Logistic growth curve "S-shaped"

Term
Carrying Capacity
Definition

There are enough resources to care for size of population 

 

Ex: Mule Deer 

Kill males during fall... plenty of resources in winter.... then lots of deer in fall again... cycle

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