Term
| what is the basic ratio of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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Term
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Term
| another word for carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
| recognizable by carbonyl group (C=O) and hydroxyl groups (-OH) |
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Term
| dissacharide form of glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| glucose-fructose disaccharide |
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Definition
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Term
| what causes lactose intolerance? |
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Definition
| a deficiency in the enzyme that breaks down lactose into monosaccharides; so it stays in disaccharide form and can't be broken down by the system. |
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Term
| most important polysaccharides (3) |
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Definition
| glycogen; starch; cellulose |
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Term
| what is the animal storage form of glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| high glucose level response: |
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Definition
- pancreas secretes insulin
- insulin converts glucose into glycogen |
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Term
| what is the most important place where you will find glycogen in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens when there is a shortage of glucose in the body? |
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Definition
| pancreas secretes a hormone that breaks down glycogen into glucose |
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Term
| why is glucose stored as glycogen, a disaccharide? |
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Definition
| partially because it's easier to pack together than in monosaccharide form |
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Term
| what is the storage form of glucose in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the structural difference between glycogen and starch? |
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Definition
| starch is linearly structured, whereas glycogen branches more. |
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Term
| what are two uses for polysaccharides? categorize: glycogen, starch, cellulose |
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Definition
| energy storage form (glycogen and starch); structural building materials (cellulose) |
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Term
| polysaccharide that animals cannot digest |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the contents of the human stool? |
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Definition
- water
- bacteria
- indigestible molecules, like cellulose |
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Term
| what happens when an animal ingests cellulose? |
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Definition
| it can't be digested, so it is eliminated in the stool. |
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Term
| why is cellulose necessary in an animal diet? |
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Definition
| it's important to eat things that can't be digested (like cellulose, which is a form of fiber) because it gives the stool bulk/substance |
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Term
| biologically important lipids (3) |
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Definition
| triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids |
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Definition
| three-carbon molecule with OH (hydroxyl) and H groups |
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Term
| what are the two components of trigylcerides? |
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Definition
1) glycerol
2) three fatty acids |
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Term
| how many carbon atoms are usually in a fatty acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| why are fatty acids called fatty ACIDS? |
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Definition
| the carboxyl group at the end |
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Term
| what is the reason most trigylcerides are nonpolar? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| long C atom chain, each C having either 1 or 2 H attached; and a carboxyl group (OH-C=O) at the end |
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Term
| animal fats tend to be _________; plant fats tend to be __________; |
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Definition
| animal fats tend to be SOLID; plant fats tend to be LIQUID (oils) |
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Term
| http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/triglyceride.bmp |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? |
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Definition
saturated: mostly occur in animals; all carbon bonds are single (C-C) and therefore there are two H for each C (H-C-H).
unsaturated: mostly occur in plants; some carbon bonds are double (C=C) and therefore the C have only one H attached (H-C=C-H) |
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Term
| what form do unsaturated fatty acids take, and why? |
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Definition
| liquids; because they have some C=C bonds they don't pack together as well, so their packed form is less dense - liquid! |
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Term
| which biomolecule group has the most internal diversity? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the process used to convert an unsaturated fatty acid into a saturated fatty acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does hydrogenation work? |
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Definition
| breaks the C=C double bonds and makes them C-C single bonds; H come up and fill the empty spots |
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Term
| aside from saturated fats, what can hydrogenation produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the difference between a cis fatty acid and a trans fatty acid? |
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Definition
cis fatty acids: all the H are on the same side
trans fatty acid: H are on opposite sides of a C=C double bond |
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Term
| triglycerides are primarily __________ (molecule) |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the structural parts of a phospholipid? (3) |
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Definition
| polar (hydrophilic) phosphate group and two nonpolar (hydrophobic) fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone |
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Term
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Definition
| partially charged and partially neutrally charged molecule; i.e. parts are hydrophobic and parts are hydrophilic -- like a phospholipid |
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Term
| what sort of molecule do you need to let a fat be absorbed in a watery environment? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the double phospholipid (phosphate group - fatty acid - fatty acid - phosphate group) layer that makes up the cell membrane |
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Definition
| four fused hydrocarbon rings; all derived from cholesterol |
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Term
| what is the parent molecule of all steroids? |
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Definition
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Definition
| estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, vitamin D |
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Term
| enzymes are __________, which means they assist and speed up chemical reactions without being consumed. |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the body's catalysts? |
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Definition
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Term
| taysach's disease is caused by what? |
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Definition
| enzyme deficiency -- reactions in the body simply happen too slowly. |
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Term
| describe the carboxyl group, it's nature, and explain. |
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Definition
OH-C=O (and another bond to something else)
- it makes a particle an acid, because when it undergoes dehydration synthesis, it lets go of the H in the form of an H+ ion. |
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Term
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Definition
| a small molecule that gets attached to another one (and imparts upon it certain qualities). |
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Term
what is the significance of attaching an hydroxl group (-OH) to a molecule?
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Definition
| -OH is a polar molecule, so it makes the host molecule polar as well -- and therefore water soluble (example: glucose) |
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Term
| what is the opposite of dehydration synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the monomers for proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
monosaccharides : polysaccharides
amino acids : ? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the structure of an amino acid |
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Definition
central C with four attachments:
1) hydrogen
2) carboxyl group -- can serve as an acid by releasing H+
3) amino group -- can serve as a base by being converted to NH3
4) R-group - variable group |
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Term
| what differentiates one protein from another? |
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Definition
| the R-groups (variable groups) in their amino acids |
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Term
| in any given protein, how many different amino acids can there be? |
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Definition
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Term
| is a protein acidic or basic? explain. |
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Definition
| it can be either, depending on the conditions. the carboxyl group can release an H+ to make it acidic, or the amino group can gain an H+ (to make NH3) and make it basic. |
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Term
| what does it mean that an amino acid is non-essential? |
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Definition
| you don't have to have it in your diet - your body can synthesize it by itself. |
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Term
| what is the enzyme for the carbonic acid/bicarbonate system? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many essential proteins are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the result of not including essential amino acids in your diet? |
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Definition
| you'll have an amino acid shortage, and therefore a protein shortage. |
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Term
| what is the name for the molecules enzymes work on? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name of the bond between amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do peptide bonds form? |
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Definition
| dehydration synthesis between one amino acid's amino group and another's carboxyl group -- carbon and nitrogen will connect. |
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Term
| what is the reason you can't take insulin orally? |
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Definition
| insulin is a protein; peptide bonds are destroyed by hydrolysis; hydrolysis takes place during digestion. |
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Term
| how many structural levels to all proteins have? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many kinds of proteins are there? |
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Definition
| 20! (i.e. 20 factorial) -- because there are 20 different R-groups (variable groups) and as such 20 different amino acids; arranging them in different orders will produce different protein primary structure. |
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Term
| what determines the primary structure of proteins? |
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Definition
| their sequence of amino acids (polypeptide) |
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Term
| what determines the secondary and tertiary (and quaternary, if applicable) structure of a protein? |
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Definition
| its polypeptide (amino acid) sequence |
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Term
| what happens structurally when you denature a protein? |
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Definition
| unravel the (quaternary), tertiary, and secondary structures -- it's not only a 2-dimensional polypeptide chain/amino acid sequence |
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Term
| what are two common secondary structures? |
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Definition
| spirals (alpha) and sheets (beta) -- folding over and over itself |
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Term
| what is the cause of sickle-cell anemia? |
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Definition
| change in a protein's primary structure - one amino acid was replaced with one that shouldn't have been there, changing the shape of the cell |
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Term
| what are the four categories of proteins? |
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Definition
- enzymes
- hormones
- transport proteins
- muscle movement |
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Term
| what is the quaternary structure of hemoglobin? |
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Definition
| four proteins coming together |
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Term
| what are two major kinds of hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are two hormone-secreting glands? (two different functions) |
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Definition
| endocrine glands; exocrine glands |
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Term
| how do transport proteins help lipids travel through the blood? |
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Definition
| lipids are hydrophobic and so need transport proteins to help them move |
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Term
| most naturally occuring fatty acids are: (cis/trans) |
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Definition
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Term
| what effect do trans fatty acids have on HDL and LDL? |
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Definition
| lower HDL (good cholesterol) and raise LDL (bad cholesterol) |
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Term
| what is the monomer of nucleic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three main parts of nucleic acids? |
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Definition
- nitrogen-containing base
- five-carbon sugar (monosaccharide)
- phosphate group |
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Term
| what is a nitrogen-containing base? |
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Definition
| molecule with nitrogen and the capacity to reduce [H+] in solution |
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Term
| describe the two kinds of nitrogen-containing base in nucleic acids |
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Definition
purines - 2 nitrogen-carbon rings
pyrimadines - 1 nitrogen-carbon ring |
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Term
| what are the three pyrimidines? |
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Definition
CUT-
Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine |
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Term
| what are the two purines? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the difference in the two monosaccharides found in nucleic acids? |
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Definition
| ribose has one more Oxygen than deoxyribose |
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Term
| every single nucleotide in DNA has the molecule ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| which nitrogen-containing base does DNA NEVER have? |
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Definition
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Term
| every single RNA molecule has the monosaccharide __________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| what nitrogen-containing base does RNA NEVER have? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are three differences between DNA and RNA? |
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Definition
- DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded
- different available nitrogen-containing bases (DNA has guanine, thymine, cytosine, adenine; RNA has guanine, cytosine, adenine, uracil)
- DNA has deoxyribose monosaccharide and RNA has rybose monosaccharide |
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Term
| what is complimentary base pairing? |
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Definition
| each nitrogen-containing base on a DNA strand only bonds with its specific opposite: A-T and C-G |
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Term
| what part of a DNA nucleotide links along the same strand? what part links to the opposite strand? |
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Definition
| nucleotides are bound along the same strand by their phosphate groups and to the opposite strands between their nitrogen-containing bases |
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Term
| what is the most important functional unit of a chromosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is DNA located in a cell? |
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Definition
| in the nucleus, in the form of chromosomes (which also contain protein) |
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Term
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Definition
| any cell that is not a sex cell - contains 23 pairs of chromosomes |
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Term
| what is one gene responsible for? |
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Definition
| the synthesis of one protein |
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Term
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Definition
ATP is a specific nucleotide that is the energy tranfer molecule in the body
- has the ribose monosaccharide
- has the adenine base
- has three phosphates |
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Term
| what defines a carbohydrate? |
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Definition
| carbonyl group and hydroxyl groups |
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