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| Change in species composition and community structure over time. Replacement of populations in a habitat through a regular progression to a steady, or climax state. |
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| Succession following a disturbance on a site that still supports or has supported life( old field succession) |
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| Succession that begins on a site never before colonized by life, such as lava flows or newly exposed glacial till |
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| group of populations in a given enviroment |
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| stable end community that is capable of self-perpetuation under prevailing environmental conditions |
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| major regional ecological community of plants and animals; usually corresponds to plant ecologists and European ecologists classifications of plant formations and life zones |
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| the biotic community and its abiotic environment functioning as a system |
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| Physical (Abiotic) factors that affect type of biome are |
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| Temperature, precipitation, altitude, and topography |
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| treeless plain, growing season of only 2-3 months, Arctic tundra has permafrost |
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| cold, acidic, nutrient-poor soil, slow decomposition (pines evergreens) |
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| Temperate climate, fertile soil, trees shed their leaves, four seasons, greatly reduced and modified for human use |
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| mild climate, low growing shrubs, fire climax, decent amount of rain |
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| not very fertile soils; nutrient poor, but with heat and humidity decomposition is very quick, nutrients are recycled very quickly, never dry, rainy year around, no summer or winter, most diverse ecosystem on earth |
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| Tropical Deciduous Forest |
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| hot, but trees shed their leaves during dry season |
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| hot long dry season, tall grasses, few trees scattered throughout landscape, some fires |
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| subject to fire, moderate rainfall, fertile soil |
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| dry, some can be cool/cold/, rapid evaporation, deficit of water |
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| Caused by coastal mtns, when masses of warm moist air from the ocean rise up the windward side of a mtn and condense, then precipitate. Once they make it over the mtn, they have shed all moisture, leaving dry arid land in the rain-shadow area on the lee side of the mtn. |
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| expanding of deserts, caused by poor agricultural practices and over grazing by cattle |
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| refers to unrestrained biological reproduction. Biological organisms can produce enormous numbers of offspring if their reproduction is unrestrained |
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| The maximum number of individuals an enviroment can support or sustain long term |
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| when population exceeds the carrying capacity of the enviroment |
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| population crash, growth becomes negative and the population decreases suddenly |
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| the resistance that the environment fives to the growth of a population |
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| Technological Optimist (Cornucopian position) |
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| Julian Simon, life expectancy is higher now than ever b4, technology has solved problems in the past, resources do not run out but we are what we make of them, some areas may be overpopulated, but the better minds will get us out of the rut. No need to panic |
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| Pessimists, Neo-Malthusians |
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| Paul Ehrlich, we are borrowing against the future, there are absolute limits to resources and population, we are depleting nonrenewable natural resources, can not just leave things as are, government needs to take steps to limit births, focuses on raw numbers |
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| emphasizes distribution of resources as opposed to numbers; problem is not too many people, but that too many people are poor and hungry |
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| Redistributionist view (socialist) |
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| emphasizes government, rich get richer, some power needs to make sure everyone gets what they need-focuses on unequal distribution |
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| Libetarian view (free market) |
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| people know what is best for themselves, and government needs to stay out of the way and let it happen- focuses on free enterprise |
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| are bays where rivers empty into the sea, mixing fresh water with salt water |
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| J curve, or Exponential Growth Curve |
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| with an overshoot of carrying capacity. Exponential growth in an unrestrained population leads to a population crash and oscillations below former levels. |
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| S Curve, or Logistic Growth |
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| describes a population's changing numbers over time in response to feedback from the environment or its own population density |
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| Predator-Prey Coevolution |
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| The response of predator to pray and vice versa over thousands of years produces physical and behavioral changes in a process (coevolution) |
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| is when species that are harmless will mimic poisonous or distasteful ones to protect themselves against predators who remember a bad experience with the actual toxic organism that they are mimicking |
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| involves 2 dangerous species who look alike. When predators learn to avoid either species, both benefit. |
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| entire area of land drained by the stream |
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| interface btwn aquatic and terrestrial environments, barrier to erosion, provides a lot of nutrient input to streams |
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| light does not penetrate all the way to the bottom, depression in landscape, crater, volcano, or man-made, many of glacial origin |
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| light penetrates all the way to the bottom |
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| Lakes have Zonation and Seasonal mixing, Zonation is when: |
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| life in the lake is very different where there is light penetration in comparison to where there is no light penetration |
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| Aquatic Zone in a lake: Littoral |
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Definition
| from shoreline to outermost rooted aquatic plants |
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| Aquatic Zones in a Lake: Light compensation level |
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Definition
| maximum depth at which there is enough light for photosynthesis |
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| Aquatic Zones in a lake: Limnetic Zone |
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| ABOVE light compensation level |
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| Aquatic zones in a lake: Profundal Zone |
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| BELOW light compensation level |
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| Saltwater Biomes (Oceans) have a littoral zone: |
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| that is the area btwn high tide mark and low tide mark |
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| Saltwater Biomes have Pelagic Division |
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| open water zone which include the Neritic and Oceanic zone |
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| Saltwater Biomes- Neritic Zone |
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| water above conitnental shelf all the ay to margin of shelf to max. depth of 200m (660ft). nutrient rich b/c of runoff from land, rich food chains, lots of fish |
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| Saltwater Biomes: Oceanic Zone |
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| Beyond continental shelf (less productive) deepest spot is about 36,000 ft ( most of this zone is aphotic, which means little or no light) |
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| Saltwater Biomes: Benthic Division |
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| change in frequency due to a random event |
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| the movement of members out of a population |
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| Few individuals start a new population |
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| just a few members of a species survive a catastrophic event such as a natural disaster |
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| MVP-Minimum Viable Population |
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| is the minimum population size required for a long term survival of a species |
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| Most densly populated countries |
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| China, India, and Indonesia |
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| Africa and the Middle East |
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| pressure to have more children |
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| The Demographic Transition |
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| is a model used to represent the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system |
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