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Bio Exam 2
respirtaion and nervous system
52
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/30/2009

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Term
pulmonary membrane
Definition
thin- 2 cell layers thick
Term
pulmonary cell layers
Definition

aveolar lining cell

 

capillary endothelial cell

Term
pulmonry membrane characterisitcs
Definition

large surface area= 70m

 

moist but no standing fluid due to low mean capillary pressure

 

OP>MCP therefore fluid diffuses into capillaries

Term

gaseous exchange at pulmonary membrane (diffusion)

 

Definition

Lo O2, Hi CO2 in capillaries (CO2 diffuses into aveolar sac and O2 diffuses into capillaries from aveolar sac)

=

Hi O2, Lo CO2 in capillaries 

 

 

Term
hemoglobins affinity for O2...
Definition
changes with environment
Term
Hb high affinity for O2 when...
Definition
blood O2 is high and CO2 is low as in the pulmonary capillaries
Term
Hb low affinity for O2 when....
Definition
blood O2 is low and CO2 is high as in the regular capillaries
Term

increased alveolar ventilation stress

 

Definition

increased breaths per minute

 

increased volume of each breath

Term
upper respiratory system disorders
Definition

1. sore throats

2. lots of bacteria and viruses 

3. tonsilitis

Term
middle respiratory system disorders
Definition

1. laryngitis

2. bronchial asthma

3. bronchitis (4th cod)

4. bronchial cancer

5. cafe coronoaries (blocked glottis)

 

Term
lower respiratory system disorders
Definition

1. Pneumonia (6th cod)

2. emphysema (4th cod with Bronchitis)

3. Lung cancer (2nd cod)

Term
cardiopulmonary adjustments to reduce Oxygen
Definition

1. increased alveolar ventilation x1 2/3

2. increased cardiac output x20-50%

3. increased O2 capacity of blood via fluid loss to lymph

4. increased rate of RBC synthesis

 

Term
aclimitization is...
Definition
long range cariopulmonary adjustments to reduce oxygen (1-3 months)
Term
aclimitization adjustments
Definition

1. increased alveolar venitilation x7

2. decreased cardiac output (returns to normal)3. increased blood volume plus O2 capacity via increased RBCs
Term
adjustments after many generation at high altitudes
Definition

1. increased vascularization of lungs and body tissue

2. increased lung capacity

3. enlarged heart

Term
altitude sickness is...
Definition
symptoms reflect brains lack of oxygen
Term
alt. sickness symptoms
Definition

1. reduced mental proficiency

2. reduced vision

3. euphoria

4. headaches

5. nausea

6. sleepiness

7. irregular breathing

Term
world record for human breath-hold deapth
Definition

male- 595 ft

female- 520 ft

Term

mammalian depth diving adaptations (compared with humans)

 

Definition

1. high blood volume (15% vs. 5%)

2. high blood O2 capacity (high hemocratic and hi Hb)

3. high muscle-myoglobin concentration

4. high vascularized lungs

Term

mammalian diving reflex characterisitcs

 (7)

Definition

1. exhale before diving

2. hibernating-typer thermostat (body temp decreases)

3. metabolism drops, animal relaxes

4. heart rate reduced to about 1/10 normal

5. only brain and heart use Hb-oxygen

6. muscles use Mb-oxygen

7. brain tolerates high blood CO2 

Term

modes of communication in nervous system

(2)

 

Definition

1. nerve impulse

2. hormone

Term
nerve impulse
Definition

fast

specific- direct line to the reciever

short duration

Term
hormone
Definition

chemical transported via the CVS

slower

general broadcast (it goes everywhere)

sustained- hormone lingers in CVS

Term
reflex arcs
Definition
explain simple control systems and instinctive/ reflexive behaviors
Term

simple control system components (NS)

(4)

Definition

1. receptor- sensory cell

2. effector- a cell that responds

3. integrating center

4. messanger sytem

Term
active transport
Definition
the selective mvmnt of a material across a living membrane requiring energy
Term
threshold
Definition
minimum stimulus needed to initiate an impulse
Term
behavior and physiology
Definition
an individual response to an environment stimulus (ouside vs inside the body)
Term
Synaptic transmission advantages
Definition

one-way: creates order in NS

 

integrative capacity

Term

synaptic transmission disadvantages

 

Definition

slow= chemical diffusion

 

highly vulnerable- fatigue (O2 shortage, glucose shortage, drugs, poison, etc)

Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS)
Definition

acetylcholine

50% of blood to gut, kidneys, and skin

Term
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Definition

ermergency- epinephrine

 

70% of blood to heart and muscles

Term
neurotransmitters
Definition

acetylcholine or epinephrine

 -chemical messengers released via synaptic bulbs into a synapses

-may stimulte or inhibit the next neuron

-communicate across a synapse

Term
hormones
Definition

eg. follicle stimulating hormone, estrogen, thyroxin

 -chem messengers released from endocrine glands or cells into the blood

-released in small concentrations

-have effect on other areas of the body

Term
pheromones
Definition

eg. sex attractants, alarm signals

-chem messengers released into external environment

-cause a change in behavior of another individual

-operate only within the same species

Term
medulla oblongata
Definition

expanded top of the spinal chord

-O2, CO2, and BP regulation

-facial muscles controlled

-complex reflexes (vomiting, swallowing, coughing)

Term
cerebellum
Definition
-motor functions
Term
hypothalamus
Definition

-most of homeostatic functions

thermostat, thirst center, hunger center, basic emotions

Term
thalamus
Definition
relays/routes incoming info to the cerebral cortex
Term
corpus collosum
Definition
transverse nerve tracts connect left and right cerebral hemispheres
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition

outer thin shell of interneurons-gray matter

 

defines the species

Term
motor areas
Definition
all conscious motor mvmnts initiated in cerebrum
Term
sensory association areas
Definition
recieve all sensory info in cerebrum
Term
consciousness
Definition
resides in all the sensory association areas in cerebrum
Term
learning, memory, intelligence
Definition
housed in cerebrum
Term
retina
Definition
condensing/converging circuit
Term
rods
Definition
high sensitivity/ low acuity
Term
cones
Definition
high acuity/ low sensitivity
Term
left brain
Definition
written/spoken language, math/science skills, right body motor/sensory ties
Term
right brain
Definition
spatial/ 3D awareness, artistic/creative/musical abilities. non verbal communication. left body motor/sensory ties
Term
habituation
Definition
learning to ignore imortant stimuli
Term
NS disorders
Definition
brain, sleep, infectious inflammation, headaches/hangovers, virtigo, tics, stuttering, hiccups, tourettes syndrome, pinched nerves, fainting, stupors, comas, amnesia, seizures, convulsions, strokes
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