Term
| Three differences between RNA and DNA |
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Definition
Uracil versus Thymine
Ribose verses Deoxy-ribose
Single verses double stranded |
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Term
What class of proteins plays a key role in DNA packaging?
Can you name the individual protiens (use 1 letter designations) |
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Definition
Histones
H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4 |
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Term
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Definition
| Comples of DNA, histones and non-histones |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacis packing unit of chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| Alter nucleosome structure making DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Structure genetic information is stored as |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that opens/unwinds DNA for replication |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequence in DNA at which replication begins |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strand |
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Term
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Definition
| Small DNA fragments synthesized discontinuously on the lagging strand |
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Term
| Similarities between DNA and RNA |
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Definition
DNA and RNA are composed of pyrimidines and purines
DNA and RNA both have 5' and 3' polarity |
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Term
| Name the 4 nucleotide base pairs |
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Definition
A - Adenine
C - Cytosine
T - Thymine
G - Guanine |
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Term
| DNA is synthesized in what direction |
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Definition
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Term
| Synthesis rate in bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| Synthesis rate in mammals |
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Definition
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Term
| Proofreading occurs in what direction? |
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Definition
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Term
| The error rate of DNA Polymerase is __? |
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Definition
| 1 in 10^7 synthesized nucleotides |
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Term
| After the enzymes of the DNA REPAIR systerm excise mismatched and damage nucleotides, the replication accuracy becomes ...? |
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Definition
| 1 in 10^9 synthesized nucleotides |
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Term
DNA Polymerase can not initiate DNA strand synthesis, therefore a primer is required.
What is a primer? |
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Definition
| A short strand of RNA that is made by the enzyme Primase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| form part of the structure of the ribosome and participate in protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
used in protein synthesis as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids
(transfer information from DNA to proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
used in pre=mRNA splicing,
transport of proteins to the ER,
components of ribozymes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. E - Exit site
2. P - Transfer site
3. A - Acceptor site
4. mRNA binding site |
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Term
| Eukaryotic RNA transcripts undergo 3 major modifications to become mRNAs |
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Definition
1. 5'-capping
2. splicing
3. 3'-polyadenylation |
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Term
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Definition
3.2 * 10^9 base pairs
2 meters long
30,000 genes
24 chromosomes
>50 million nucleotide pairs |
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Term
| A-T have how many hydrogen bonds? |
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Definition
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Term
| G-C have how many hydrogen bonds? |
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Definition
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Term
| Uracil in RNA replaces _____ in DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of initiator proteins? |
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Definition
| They pry apart the two DNA strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs. |
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Term
First step of mRNA translation.
The _____ ribosomal subunit and the ______ bind to the _____ structure of the mRNA. The initiator tRNA is bound to the ______ of the ribosome. |
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Definition
| small; initiator tRAN; 5' cap; p-site |
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Term
| What two subunits are ribosomes made of? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the second step in the sequence of events to translate an MRNA?
The complex scans to the ____ and located the _____ of the mRNA |
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Definition
| start site; first AUG codon |
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Term
What is the third step in the sequence of events to translate an MRNA?
A loaded tRNA enters the _____ of the ribosome, is transferred to the _____ and the ______ if formed |
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Definition
| A (Acceptor site); P (transfer site); peptide bond |
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Term
What is the fourth step in the sequence of events to translate an MRNA?
Uncharged tRNAs are transferred to the _______ of the ribosome |
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Definition
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Term
What is the fifth step in the sequence of events to translate an MRNA?
This cycle is repeated until a ______ binds to the ______ of the ribosome, then the translation is terminated. |
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Definition
| release or termination factor; A (acceptor site) |
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Term
| DNA is transcribed by what enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does RNA polymerase need a primer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What recognizes the correct reading frame of an mRNA and how? |
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Definition
| The initiator tRNA that is bound to the P-site of the ribosome recognizes the first AUG codon of the mRNA |
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Term
| mRNAs are translated on ribosomes into _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| there are ____ total codons |
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Definition
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Term
| Since polmerase does not need a primer, it cannot proofread and the error rate is higher. What is the error rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the human repeat sequence? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adds repeats to template strand |
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Term
| DNA is continually suffering damage, give an example. |
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Definition
| UV radiation in sunlight causes covalent linkage of adjacent thymine bases |
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Term
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Definition
| Allow the completion of DNA synthesis at chromosome ends |
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Term
| replication forks move in ________ directions |
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Definition
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Term
| DNa replication forks have what kind of symmetry? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the levels of condensation in chromatin? |
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Definition
1. DNA double helix
2. "beads on a string" - DNA wrapped around histones
3. "think fibers"- wind in a solenoid manner
3. "loops"- thick fibers attatch to non-histone proteins in a matrix
4. metaphase chromosome - wraps around scaffold in tight helix |
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Term
| What is the ratio between the expected length and the condensed length of the DNA helix and the BEADS ON A STRING? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ratio between the expected length and the condensed length of the LOOPS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ratio between the expected length and the condensed length of the METAPHASE CHROMOSOME? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each DNA-molecule has been packed into a mitotic chromosome that is ____ than it's expected length |
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Definition
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Term
| Interphase chromosomes are _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How many replication origins are there in the human genome? |
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Definition
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Term
| polymerase activie takes place in waht direction? |
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Definition
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Term
| proofreading activity takes place in what direction? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What steps are in the M phase? |
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Definition
| Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the division of the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the cytoplasm |
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Term
| the cell cyle stages are...? |
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Definition
| S phase, G2 phase, M phase, G1 phase |
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Term
| Pyrimidines form which nucleotide bases? |
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Definition
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Term
| Purines form which nucleotide bases? |
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Definition
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Term
| A nucleosome is made of what two things? |
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Definition
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Term
| What has the largest/smallest genome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a phophodiester bond? |
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Definition
| 2 hydroxyl groups linked in ester linkage to the same phosphate group that links adjacent nucleotides in RNA and DNA; link the 3' carbon to the 5' carbon |
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Term
| Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA in what year? |
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Definition
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Term
| A "______" removes remaining replication errors, the decresasing error rate is ___. |
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Definition
| "DNA mismatch repair system"; 1 in 10^9 |
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Term
| RNA Polymerase does not need a _______. IT's error rate is...? |
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Definition
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Term
| Genes can be transcribed with _____ efficiencies. |
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Definition
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Term
| Single strand RNA can ____? |
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Definition
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Term
| transcription start signals have to be ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| special nucleotide sequences signal the beginning and the end of an _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do we have eucaryotic gene introns? |
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Definition
| Because splicing gives variability |
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Term
| The _______ of an mRNA is ______ into the ______ sequence of a protein via _______. |
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Definition
| nucleotide sequence; translated; amino acid; triplet codons |
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Term
| tRNA molecules are _____ linking ______ with _____. |
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Definition
| molecular adaptors; amino acids; codons |
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Term
| What couples amino acids to the correct tRNAs? |
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Definition
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases |
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Term
| _____ are translated ON ribosomes into ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| a Ribosome is a ______ made of ____ and ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Ribosomes have how many binding sites for mRNA and tRNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| procaryotic ribosomes are _____ than eucaryotic ribosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| mRNA is translated in a ______ cycle. |
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Definition
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Term
| mRNA translation requires initiation _______ and ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| mRNA translation TERMINATION requires a building of a _______ to the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| proteins are translated ON ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| phospates only bond to _____ ends |
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Definition
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Term
| A-T/G-C break apart at what temperate? |
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Definition
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