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| Anything that has mass and takes up space |
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| The smallest units of matter that still display the characteristics [properties] of the element |
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| Elements that can exist in different forms-the number of protons and electrons are the same, but these have different numbers of nuetrons |
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| The interaction between protons and electrons |
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| A metabolic pathway, a series of chemical reactions in cells |
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| Breaks down the 6-carbon sugar into smaller molecules |
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| Kreb's cycle [Citric acid cycle] |
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| Continues to break down the products of glycolysis, but also builds up a supply of H for use in the electron-transport chain |
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| These reactions are used to form the bulk of the ATP produced by an organism |
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| Folds located in the inner membrane |
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| A series of enzymatic reactions linked together |
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| Transforming sunlight energy into food |
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| Organisms that are capable of producing their own food |
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| Organisms that must consume other things to obtain their food |
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| The two major biochemical pathways |
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Definition
| Photosynthesis and cellular respiration |
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| A given reaction that requires energy to proceed-to obtain this energy, many cells will tie together an energy releasing reaction with an energy requiring reaction |
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| ATP-a very important molecule that is involved in coupled reactions [considered the fuel for our bodies] |
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| The addition of phosphate to another molecule |
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| A membrane bound organelle that contains chlorophyll |
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| Pigment contained within flat disks called thylakoids |
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Definition
| Stacks of thylakoid disks |
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| Photosynthesis's two main stages |
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| The light reactions [light energy conversion stage] and the calvin cycle [carbon dioxide conversion stage] |
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| The membranes of the grana that contain electron-transfer molecules |
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| The capacity to do work or transfer heat |
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| Energy contained in moving objects |
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Definition
| Energy stored but available for use |
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| What is the source of the Earth's energy? |
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Definition
| Interior of the sun [heat from the cooling center] and The sun [solar radiation as heat and photochemical energy] |
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Definition
| The sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in organisms |
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| Semi-permeable [selectively permeable] |
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Definition
| Some substances can pass freely through the membrane and others cannot |
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Definition
| The movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration |
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| A special form of diffusion that deals with the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane |
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| The liquid in which things are dissolved |
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| The things dissolved in the liquid |
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| The combination of the solvent and the solutes |
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Definition
| A solution has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution you are comparing it to |
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Definition
| A solution has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution you are comparing it to |
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| Both solutions have equal concentrations of solutes |
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Definition
| The movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration at an increased rate with the aid of carrier proteins |
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Definition
| The use of carrier proteins to move molecules across the membrane from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration |
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Definition
| Process whereby a vacuole is used to engulf a particle and move it across the membrane |
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| Process whereby a pinocytic vesicle is used to engulf molecules dissolved in water and move them across the membrance |
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| The process that brings things into a cell by either phagocytosis or pinocytosis |
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Definition
| The process that removes things from a cell by either phagocytosis or pinocytosis |
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Definition
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the smallest unit of life
3, Only living cells give rise to new cells |
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| Separates the inside of cell from outside |
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| Large organelle that houses the cell's DNA |
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| All cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus-contains cytosol and organelles |
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| Phospholipids have two regions: |
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Definition
1. Heads-a phosphate functional group that is polar and hydrophilic [likes water]
2. Tails-fatty acid chains that are nonpolar and hydrophobic [doesn't like water] |
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Definition
| The nonpolar fatty acid tails will orient towards each other in the interior of the membrane, where they will be protected from the water environment |
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| The plasma membrane proteins functions: [four] |
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Definition
1. Transport of materials into and out of the cell
2. Cell recognition
3. Attachment
4. Sending and receiving cellular messages |
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Definition
| Membrane phospholipids and proteins drifting about in the plane of the membrane-molecules can move freely through the membrane |
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Definition
| The intracellular fluid that surrounds organelles-it is 75-90% water with many dissolved ions and molecules |
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Definition
| Membrane enclosed compartments in the cell-many contain special enzymes, all perform specific functions, and numbers/kinds vary from cell to cell |
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Definition
| A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus |
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Definition
| The control center of the cell |
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| DNA and associated proteins form long fibers, CHROMATIN, within the nucleus |
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| Produces the components of Ribosomes |
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Definition
| Transport the products to the appropriate places |
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| Works in partnership with the ER-it modifies, stores, and distributes the chemical products made in the ER |
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| Membrane-enclosed sacs that contain digestive enzymes-these enzymes break down macromolecules |
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| Membranous, fluid-filled sacs |
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Definition
| The sites of photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to chemical energy [only found in plants and photosynthetic protists] |
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Definition
| The sites of cellular respiration, with involves the production of ATP from food molecules |
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Definition
| A network of protein fibers inside the cell-it supports and maintains the shape of the cell-it can change the shape of a cell, allowing cells to move [such as an amoeba] |
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Definition
| Motility appendages powered by the cytoskeleton |
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| The basic building block of all things that cannot be broken down into other substances |
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| Formed by a transfer of electrons |
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Definition
Atoms that have either a positive charge [they have lost an electron] or a negative charge [they have gained an electron]
-positive ions=cations
-negative ions=anions |
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Definition
Bonds in which two or more atoms share electrons
-generally more stable than ionic bonds
-breaking these bonds can yield energy
-most biological molecules are held together by these |
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Definition
| Weaker chemical bonds between molecules-they form between molecules that are bonded together by polar covalent bonds |
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Definition
| Substances that prevent harmful changes in pH by accepting H+ when it is in excess and donating H+ when it is depleted |
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