Term
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Definition
| pharyngeal arch problem, ears too low, Dumbo rats have this |
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Term
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Definition
| auditory tube, middle ear, eardrum, canal |
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Term
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Definition
| tonsils, part of immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| thymus, parathyroid gland |
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Term
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Definition
| controls production of calcium and bones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| parathyroid and thyroid glands |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chewing muscles and jaw bones |
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Term
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Definition
| facial muscles and hyoid bone |
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Term
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Definition
| horseshoe shape bone, not attached to any other bones, first thing forensic scientists look at to determine if someone was strangled, allows tongue greater movement |
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Term
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Definition
| hyoid bone, carotid artery |
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Term
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Definition
| delivers blood to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| larynx, trachea, vagus nerve |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tweaking pre-existing features |
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Term
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Definition
| useless organs that used to have a purpose |
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Term
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Definition
| last 4-5 vertebrae of human spine that used to be a tail but has no function now |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd eyelid, helps protect predators' eyes, birds of prey and cats have these |
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Term
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Definition
| non-mobile remnant of nictitating membrane in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| extra teeth, our jaws became smaller but teeth remained same size so they don't fit |
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Term
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Definition
| long muscle in arm that was more important when humans climbed trees, 2/3 of us have it, used to repair other tendons |
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Term
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Definition
| rare reappearance of obsolete characteristic that is turned back on probably by a chance combination of genes |
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Term
| poorly designed structures |
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Definition
| inefficient structures such as the recurrent laryngeal nerve, evolution does not result in perfection! |
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Term
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Definition
| hominin that lived 4 million years ago in Ethiopia, 3-4 ft. tall, thumb-like toe for climbing, walked upright |
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Term
| australopithecus afarensis |
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Definition
| hominin that lived 3 million years ago, 3 ft. tall, Lucy, left fossilized tracks in volcanic ash (Laetoli fossil path) |
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Term
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Definition
| humans, first appeared 200,000 years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| hominin that lived 100,000 years ago, 99.8% identical to homo sapiens but bulkier and stockier, evolved in Europe, did we kill them or assimilate them? |
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Term
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Definition
| epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
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Term
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Definition
| thin sheets, covers and lines cavities, avascular |
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Term
| 3 categories of epithelial tissue |
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Definition
| squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
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Term
| 3 categories of muscular tissue |
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Definition
| skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
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Term
| 2 categories of connective tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 categories of loose connective tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 categories of dense connective tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 categories of specialized connective tissue |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| epithelial tissue facing open air, hollow |
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Term
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Definition
| epithelial tissue attached to underlying tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| anchors epithelium to loose connective tissue underneath, controls movement of substances from epithelia, prevents cancer from entering bloodstream, noncellular, made of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| flat apical face, very thin; located in air sacs of lungs, heart, blood vessels; allows exchange of nutrients, gases, wastes |
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Term
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Definition
| several layers of flattened cells; surface of skin, lining of mouth, esophagus and vagina; protection against abrasion, infection and drying out |
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Term
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Definition
| one layer of cube shaped cells; kidneys' tubules and glands; absorption, needs volume to generate ATP to push out waste |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 layers of cube-shaped cells; ducts of mammary and sweat glands; protection |
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Term
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Definition
| one layer of tall, slender cells; lining of gut and respiratory tract; absorption and secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple layers of tall-slender cells; urethra; protection and secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| stretches; bladder; cuboidal when empty and squamous when full |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue that secretes substances, come from epithelial tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| moves substances into bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| moves substances into ducts |
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Term
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Definition
| makes insulin and glucogon for blood (endocrine); secretes digestive enzyme for small intestine (exocrine) |
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Term
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Definition
| cells, fibers, and extracellular matrix, all embedded in the body fluids; very abundant, bulk of our body |
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Term
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Definition
| makes fiber, lives in extracellular matrix of connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| contains protein fibers: collagen, elastic and reticular fibers; cells that live in extracellular matrix of connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| loose connective tissue proper; takes up hollow space |
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Term
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Definition
| loose connective tissue proper; fat, energy storage, cushion |
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Term
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Definition
| special adipose, discharge energy as heat |
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Term
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Definition
| fibers parallel, strength in one direction; tendons, ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
| fibers random, strength in many directions; lower layer of skin |
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Term
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Definition
| chondrocytes in lacunae, avascular |
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Term
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Definition
| hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| tough but slick; ends of bones and nose; reduces friction between joins; also called "articulate" |
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Term
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Definition
| lots of elastic fiber; ear |
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Term
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Definition
| extremely tough; intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci, rings of respiratory airtubes; resists being compressed, gives pelvis room to stretch during childbirth |
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Term
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Definition
| matrix is hard instead of gelatinous, hardened by calcium salts, osteocytes in lacunae; support, protection, movement; has blood supply; most begin as cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| matrix is liquid, fibers dissolved; fibers soluble, involved in blood clotting; transports nutrients, gases, hormones, waste; fights infection |
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Term
| 2 specialized proteins in muscle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| huge, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; mostly voluntary; has striation |
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Term
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Definition
| large, branched, mononucleate cells; wall of heart; pumps blood through body; involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small, tapered, mononucleate cells; walls of organs, intestines; weak but long-lasting contractions; involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
| conducts electrical impulses, originates in brain; neurons send signals, neuroglial cells support |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| front/back (based on direction of movement) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| away from/towards midline |
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Term
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Definition
| closer/farther from surface |
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Term
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Definition
| close/far from point of attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| cut top to bottom, separated into left/right |
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Term
| midsagittal vs. parasagittal |
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Definition
| right down center vs. not down center |
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Term
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Definition
| cut top to bottom, separating front/back sides |
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Term
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Definition
| cut horizontal in a cross-section |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds brain and spine |
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Term
| 2 parts of ventral cavity |
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Definition
| thoracic and abdominopelvic |
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Term
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Definition
| covers outer surfaces, skin |
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Term
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Definition
| line cavities that open to the outside, secretes mucous, found in stomach and intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| lines cavities that do not open to outside, found in heart |
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Term
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Definition
| skin; regulation of temperature, protection from abrasion, controls water loss, synthesis of vitamin D, excludes pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost layer of skin; epithelial; basement membrane beneath; gets "food" from dermis |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue with muscle and nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny muscles that attach to hairs, vestigial |
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Term
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Definition
| from deep to superficial: stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum and corneum |
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Term
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Definition
| deepest layer of epidermis, one cell thick, only layer that divides |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd deepest layer of epidermis, several cells thick, takes up melanin from melanocytes which gives skin color |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd most superficial layer of epidermis, several cells thick, makes keratin and waterproof lipids, cells dying |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost layer of epidermis, 30 dead cells thick, oily and water resistant |
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Term
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Definition
| determines color of skin; produced in melanocytes; protects from sun |
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Term
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Definition
| protects against UV-induced mutation, protects folate from destruction |
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Term
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Definition
| aids in development of embryo, especially central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks production of vitamin D from cholestrol |
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Term
| papillary layer of dermis |
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Definition
| touches bottom of epidermis, wavy = increased surface area |
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Term
| reticular layer of dermis |
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Definition
| dense irregular connective tissue, can tear |
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Term
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Definition
| sweat glands in armpits and pubic region; supports bacteria growth, releases fats that bacteria eat |
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Term
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Definition
| sweat glands in areas other than armpits/pubic region |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete sebum which make you more waterproof and lose less water through evaporation |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete ear wax maybe to keep bugs out |
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Term
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Definition
| highly keratinized dead cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| grow, stop, new hair replaces old one |
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Term
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Definition
| osteocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast |
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Term
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Definition
| compact and spongy/cancellous |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produces blood when humans are young |
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Term
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Definition
| stores fat, last fat storage to harvest |
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Term
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Definition
| small cracks where osteocytes can grab oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| tube, small artery/vein in bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| primary ossification center |
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Definition
| first place forming bone in cartilage, penetrating vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| compact bone forms outside cartilage |
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Term
| secondary ossification centers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| thin cartilage plate separating ossification centers, growth plate, turns to bone when we stop growing |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone that stimulates osteoblasts; comes from thyroid gland; takes calcium out of blood to make bone |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates osteoclasts; comes from parathyroid gland; breaks down bone to put calcium in blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ossification centers' ends, distal/proximal |
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Term
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Definition
| skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage |
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Term
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Definition
| pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| depression on eyebrow, putting pressure on nerve helps headaches maybe |
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Term
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Definition
| 2, left/right sides of top of head |
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Term
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Definition
| concentric raised ridges on parietal bones (in skull), high ridges = chronic gum chewer |
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Term
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Definition
| sits on top of vertebral column in the back |
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Term
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Definition
| hole where spinal cord attaches to skull |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| forms cheekbone with zygomatic bone |
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Term
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Definition
| runs all the way across skull |
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Term
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Definition
| walnut sized bone in skull |
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Term
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Definition
| floor of brain plate, holes to nose |
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Term
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Definition
| fin that keeps brain in place |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| posterior side of roof of mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| holds upper teeth, anterior roof of mouth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| separates left/right parietal |
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Term
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Definition
| separates parietal/occipital |
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Term
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Definition
| separates frontal/parietal |
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Term
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Definition
| separates parietal/temporal |
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Term
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Definition
| jugular notch, body and xyphoid process |
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Term
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Definition
| change in organisms over time |
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Term
| order of vertebral column (from cephalic to caudal) |
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Definition
| cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal |
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Term
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Definition
| first vertebrae, has a big hole, carries head, named after Atlas who carried the world |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2 parts of pectoral girdle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| connects to shoulder joint |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| groove between tubercles on anterior surface of humerus, bicep tendon goes through |
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Term
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Definition
| slightly raised bump on humerus to which deltoid attaches |
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Term
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Definition
| forms elbow, pinky side of forearm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| thumb side of forearm, most of wrist |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 rows of 4 bones that make up wrist |
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Term
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Definition
| forms fleshy part of hand |
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Term
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Definition
| fingers, 14 parts per hand |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pelvic bones and sacrum, base of spine connected to rear limbs, part of axial and appendicular skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hole to reduce weight in ischium and pubis bones |
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Term
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Definition
| weight bearing for sitting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| kneecap sits/slides in this |
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Term
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Definition
| notch between condyles through which the ACL and PCL run |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shin bone, larger and stronger of the two bones of the lower leg |
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Term
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Definition
| thinner calf bone on lateral side of tibia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2 ways to classify articulations |
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Definition
| by structure vs. by motion |
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Term
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Definition
bones connected by collagen fibers, immovable
ex: skull sutures, teeth/mandible |
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Term
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Definition
bones connected by cartilage layer, more flexible than fibrous joints
ex: pubic symphysis, ribs |
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Term
| 2 types of cartilaginous joints |
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Definition
| hyaline or fibrocartilage |
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Term
|
Definition
| articular surface covered in hyaline cartilage, very mobile |
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Term
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Definition
| tough connective tissue sac |
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Term
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Definition
| found in cavities of synovial joints, reduces friction between the articular cartilage; blood plasma texture |
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Term
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Definition
| dense connective tissue, give stability to joints |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid filled sac that cushions certain joints and reduces friction between tendons and ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
| synovial fluid that is squeezed out to maintain a layer of fluid on the cartilage surface |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| examples of ball and socket joints |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
synovial joint that only allows sliding motion
ex: wrist and ankle |
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Term
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Definition
like ball and socket but ball is oval
ex: wrist joint, between metacarpal and proximal phalange |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the carpal tunnel, attaches to hamate hook and tubercle of the trapezium |
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Term
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Definition
| irritation of median nerve |
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Term
| lateral and radial menisci |
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Definition
| fibrocartilage on outside and inside of knee |
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Term
|
Definition
| doctor hits this part of the knee to test reflexes |
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Term
| 2 types of extracapsular ligaments in knee |
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Definition
| tibial and fibular collateral |
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Term
| tibial and fibular collateral |
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Definition
| extracapsular ligaments that keep knee from bending laterally |
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Term
| anterior and posterior cruciate |
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Definition
| intracapsular ligaments that attach to anterior/posterior side of tibia and posterior/anterior side of femur to restrict front/back sliding of femur |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that stops muscles from growing |
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Term
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Definition
| half myostatin, half myostatin-deficient genes; best racing greyhounds |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical activity that sweeps across nerve and muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cells doing nothing, -70mV |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that allow ions through membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| channel stimulated by presence of chemical compound |
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Term
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Definition
| channel stimulated by charge across membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| small deviation from -70 mV resting potential |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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