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| Are plants eukaryotes or prokaryotes? |
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| when one organism engulfs another, and then they form symbiosis |
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| the process of one organism engulfing another |
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| How long ago did green algae become land plants? |
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| Which cell wall gets laid down first? |
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| Which cell wall is often "lignified?" |
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| What are the main components of the primary cell wall? |
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| cellulose (23%), hemicellulose (24%), and pectins (35%) |
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| What is the worlds most abundant polymer? |
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| How does cellulose arrange itself in the cell wall? |
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| in aligned chains, called microfibrils |
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| what does cellulose do for the cell wall? |
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| where is cellulose synthesized? |
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| how can you identify cellulose? |
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| extract other chemicals, microscopy |
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| what are examples of cellulose in life |
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| cotton clothing, paper, wood, food, biofuels |
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| where is hemicellulose, in relation to cellulose? |
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| hemicellulose lines the cellulose microfibrils |
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| where is hemicellulose synthesized |
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| what is the structure of pectins in the cell wall? |
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| what are the functions of pectins in the cell wall? |
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| maintenance of structure, adhesion, expansion, ion uptake, pollen tube growth, leaf abscission, fruit development |
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| where are pectins produced? |
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| how can you extract pectins? |
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| how can you identify pectins? |
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| what are the nutritional values and uses of pectins? |
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| fiber - jams, jellies, etc |
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| complex phenolics found in the secondary cell wall |
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| what is the middle lamella? |
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| the space between the cell walls of adjacent cells |
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| how does a cell plate form? |
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| vesicles containing cell wall material line up in the middle of a cell, and then merge together to become a cell plate |
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| what is the plasmodesmata? |
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| the connection between cells that traverse cell walls |
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| parts of the endoplasmic reticulum that goes between two cells |
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| what are the goals of any microscopy system? |
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| magnification, resolution, contrast, versatility, cost |
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| who made the first microscopes? |
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| what is the limit of resolution? |
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| the wavelength of the energy used to illuminate specimen |
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| how do resolution and wavelength relate? |
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| shorter wavelength -> better resolution |
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| Which kind of light is better for microscopy, blue or red? |
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| when did electron microscopy begin? |
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| Do electron microscopes have color? |
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| which kind of microscopy is more expensive, light or electron? |
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| What are the two uses of glass lenses in light microscopy? |
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| focus light on specimen (condenser) and collect light and magnify (objective and ocular) |
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| what is the magnification of a specimen looked at under a 6x lens and a 3x lens |
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| what is florescence, in light microscopy? |
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| the capacity of a molecule to absorb a wavelength of light and release it as a longer wavelength (ex. absorbe blur, put out fluorescence red) |
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| what does a confocal laser scanning microscope do? |
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| focuses intense light on specific layers of a cell |
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| how do the electron for electron microscopy get generated? |
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| superheating a metal filament |
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| what are electromagnetic lenses used for in electron microscopy? |
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| to focus electrons on specimen and capture/magnify electrons |
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| Can specimens be alive when looked at under an electron microscope? |
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| no, must be put in a vacuum |
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| what are scanning electron microscopes used for? |
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| how do scanning electron microscopes work? |
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| view electrons that bounce off a specimen |
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| What are transmission electron microscopes used for? |
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| to view the internal structures of cells |
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| how do transmission electron microscopes work? |
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| electrons pass through a specimen |
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| how do you good fix slides for TEM |
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| chemicals or cryofixation |
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| Can slides for TEM be thick |
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| what is the primary metabolic process of life? |
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| what is the photosynthesis reaction |
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| 6CO2 + 12H2O -> 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O |
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| what conversion of energy does photosynthesis perform? |
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| light energy -> dark energy |
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| double membrane bound organelles that contain photosynthetic machinery |
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| site of light reactions, on their photosynthetic membrane |
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| ground in a chloroplast, site of dark reactions |
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| what is the light reaction? |
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| turn light energy into chemical energy |
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| what are the dark reactions? |
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| build up CO2 into sugars and other biochemicals |
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| what are primary pigments for photosynthesis? |
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| chlorophyll a, absorbs light and reflects green light |
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| what do accessory pigments do in photosynthesis? |
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| absorb wavelengths of light that chlorophyll a cannot and transfer it down to chlorophyll a |
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| what are the accessory pigments in photosynthesis? |
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| chlorophyll b, c, d, carotenoids, and phycobilins |
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| part of the light reactions, transfers an electron, makes NADPH2 |
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| part of light reactions, transfer of electron through etc, ATP is made |
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| take products from light reactions to form carbon compounds from CO2 |
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| plants that only have the calvin cycle |
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| What is the problem with C3 plants? |
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| if CO2/O2 ratio is low, photosynthetic yields decline |
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| plants that have extra processes that create 4 carbon acids (malic acid or aspartic acid or oxaloacetic acid) |
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| How do C4 plants limit what enters the calvin cycle? |
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| geographic separation - the cells that perform the calvin cycle go close to the vien, with cells around them to separate the CO2 out and make a 4-carbon, which will get turned into a 3-carbon and CO2 |
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| What are crassulacean acid metabolism plants? |
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| plants in desert and tropical rainforests that work like C4 plants, but without the geography. they work temporally (time based), to regulate whats made when. |
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| what plants are considered to be modern day plants? |
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| land plants and green algae |
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| what are the characteristics modern day plants |
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| double membrane-boud chloroplasts envelopes and chlorophylls a and b |
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| what type of green algae did land plants emerge from? |
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| charophyceaen green algae (CGA) |
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| the kingdom that includes green algae and plants |
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| what does haplodiplontic mean? |
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| to possess multicellular haploid and diploid stages |
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| what does gametophyte mean? |
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| the haploid life cycle, N |
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| what does sporophyte mean? |
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| the life cycle that is dilpoid, 2N |
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| What is the order of the sporophyte generation? |
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| sporophyte (2N) -> sporangium with spore mother cells -> meiosis -> spores (N) -> gametophyte (N) |
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| What is the order of the gametophtyte generation? |
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| gametophtyte (N) -> gametangium (sperm (N) + egg (N) -> zygote (2N) -> sporophyte (2N) |
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| what are the most primitive land plants? |
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| What generation is dominant in bryophytes? |
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| do bryophytes have true organs (roots, leaves etc.) |
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| what are the major groups of bryophytes? |
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| mosses, liverworts, and hornworms |
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| what is the male reproductive "sperm" in a moss? |
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| what is the female reproductive "egg" in a moss? |
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| what kind of mos is a peat moss |
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| what are some uses of peat mosses? |
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| antiseptic in wounds, preserves fossils (finding people in peat bogs), fuel, flavoring for scotch |
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| whats the dominant cycle in ferns? |
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| what is the dominant phase of life for gymnosperms? |
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| what is the most advanced group of higher plants? |
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| what is the dominant life cycle for angiosperms? |
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