Term
| The autonomic nervous system is divided into what two parts? |
|
Definition
| The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
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|
Term
| The complete nervous system can be divided into 2 major subsystems: the ______ and _______ nervous systems. The peripheral nervous system is further divided into the ________ and _________ nervous systems. |
|
Definition
| Central and peripheral; Somatic and autonomic. |
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Term
| The somatic nervous system conveys ______ information to the CNS (as well as transmits messages for motor movement from the CNS to the body) |
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Definition
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Term
| The autonomic nervous system sends and receives messages to regulate what kinds of functions? |
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Definition
| Involuntary muscle movement (such as those involved with your heart beating), digestion, and prepares organs for vigorous activity |
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Term
| What kinds of functions are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system involved in? |
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Definition
Sympathetic: Increases breathing, heart rate, sweating, and controls muscles that constrict blood vessels and erect hairs on the skin. In general, expends energy.
Parasympathetic: Increases digestive activity, decreases what sympathetic increases. In other words, conserves energy. |
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Term
| Which nervous system activates the "fight or flight" response? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the purpose of goose bumps and what part of the nervous system controls it? |
|
Definition
| Vestigial evolutionary tactic to make one look bigger to threats; sympathetic |
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Term
| The spinal cord is part of the _______ nervous system and communicates with what? |
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Definition
| Central; the sense organs and muscles below the level of the head |
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Term
| Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons bringing messages from the senses to the central nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that control the heart, intestines, and other organs? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What, generally, is the relationship between the activity of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems? |
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Definition
| They're generally opposites: the sympathetic increases heart rate and the parasympathetic will decrease it. Although opposite, both are constantly active to varying degrees |
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Term
|
Definition
| A set of axons in the periphery, either from the CNS to a muscle or gland or from a sensory organ to the CNS |
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Term
| In regards to the nervous system, what is a tract? |
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Definition
| A bundle of axons within the CNS (aka projection). Ex.: If axons extend from cell bodies in structure A to synapses onto B, those fibers project from A to B. |
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Term
| When Dr. Skrapec was studying the brain, what area of her rat Ben's brain did she stimulate and what did that do? What did the other students stimulate? |
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Definition
| Lateral hypothalamus, acts as a "pleasure center"; Ventromedial hypothalamus, acts as a "satiation" center |
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Term
| What are the structures of the forebrain? |
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Definition
| The hippocampus, the basal ganglia, the hypothalamus, the thalamus, and the cerebral cortex (outer layer) |
|
|
Term
| What are the structures of the hindbrain? |
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Definition
| The medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum |
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|
Term
| What are the structures of the midbrain? |
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Definition
| Tectum, tegmentum, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, substantia nigra inferior colliculus, substantia nigra |
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Term
| What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Occipital Lobe (processes visual information); Parietal Lobe (spatial and numerical information); Temporal Lobe (understanding spoken speech, recognition of faces); Frontal Lobe (fine motor movements, working memory, decision making) |
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|
Term
| Which lobe may be the site of elaborate visual hallucinations? |
|
Definition
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Term
| The dendrites in the _______ have up to 16 times the number of dendritic spines as neurons in other cortical areas. What is the result of this? |
|
Definition
| Prefrontal cortex; It is able to integrate and enormous amount of information |
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Term
| Who was Walter Freeman and what were some of the consequences of his work? |
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Definition
| A medical doctor who, though untrained in surgery, performed prefrontal lobotomies (he carried the crude equipment in his car, dubbed the 'lobotomobile'); Consequences include apathy, loss of ability to plan, memory disorders, impulsivity, and loss of emotional expressions |
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|
Term
| What are the basic functions of the brain stem? |
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Definition
| Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature |
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|
Term
| What are the basic functions of the midbrain? |
|
Definition
| Appetite control and sleep |
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|
Term
| What are the basic functions of the limbic system? |
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Definition
| Motivations and emotions, such as eating, drinking, sexual activity, anxiety, and aggression |
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|
Term
| The limbic system is part of the _________ and contains the _________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When a person goes into "fight or flight" mode, what parts of his or her brain are the first to respond? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the army put so much effort into boot camp training? |
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Definition
| Among other things, it allows soldiers to act a certain way before thinking (essential for "fight or flight" type situations where rational thought is unavailable) |
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|
Term
| Are cognitively-based therapies likely to help children with ADHD or PTSD? |
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Definition
| No, because these disorders are controlled by the limbic system and midbrain |
|
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Term
| Why are early childhood experiences so important to how an adult will respond to future stressors? |
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Definition
| If the child lacks the required stimulation to develop the cortex, their ability to moderate and control behavior is greatly diminished, while if his or her limbic system/midbrain is overstimulated (through neglect, abuse) he or she is more likely to be violent or impulsive |
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|
Term
| How will chronic stress effect a developing child? |
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Definition
| A state of hyperarousal or numbing may become a permenant trait in the child, leading to a host of learning and behavioral problems |
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|
Term
| The cortex is _____ evolved and ________, while the limbic system is _____ evolved and ________. |
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Definition
| More, logical; less, emotional |
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Term
| How is the amygdala an “emotional guardian?” |
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Definition
| If a situation occurs where an individual is greatly threatened, the amygdala sends the signals necessary to respond, bypassing the neocortex (which takes longer to process information) |
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Term
| In cases of repeated child abuse, what might a child develop and why? |
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Definition
| Hypervigilance; the limbic system has been activated enough that the body adapts to the situation and interprets any cues to abuse as an emergency that requires "fight or flight" |
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|
Term
| Emergency responses are generated by the amygdala, but the left ______ lobe generally keeps them in check |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Underarousal of the prefrontal lobe AND excessive limbic activity is associated with what type of criminal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The orbitofrontal cortex connects the ______ to the _______ , thus is critically involved in regulation of emotions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The orbitofrontal cortex receives input from the ________ and visceral information about the body’s internal environment, such as... |
|
Definition
| External environment; heart rate, respiration rate |
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|
Term
| What is the basis for a baby’s emotional associations and give an example of such an association |
|
Definition
| Orbitofrontal cortex; Stimulus of the mother can elicit happiness if mother is singing or fear if she is yelling |
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|
Term
| The critical period of development of orbitofrontal cortex coincides with the critical period for ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficits in orbitofrontal areas appear to be linked to later forming psychiatric disorders that include... |
|
Definition
| Antisocial and impulsive behaviors |
|
|
Term
| What is a lobotomy and what are its results? |
|
Definition
| The disconnection of the orbitofrontal area from the rest of the brain; results in total loss of emotionality |
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|
Term
| Why does emotional memory from early experiences affect us even though we have no conscious memory of the association later on? |
|
Definition
| The amygdala matures very early, so we are able to emotionally process stimuli before we're able to cognitively do so. We can't form conscious memories early on, but we can form emotional ones |
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|
Term
| When do limbic/primitive memories form? |
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Definition
| Late gestation, so are preverbal. These memories are unconcious and often held/expressed in specific parts of the body |
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Term
| In "Ghosts from the Nursery," who was Monica? |
|
Definition
| Born with inability to be fed by mouth, so had tube feeding where she was laid flat on her back and not held. When she had dolls as a little girl and later children of her own, she fed them the same way, despite everyone telling her not to |
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Term
| What was the most striking result of exposure to radiation from the Chernobyl meltdown and the atomic bombs (on Hiroshima and Nagasaki) to fetuses exposed between 8 and 16 wks? |
|
Definition
| 80% were diagnosed with mental retardation |
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|
Term
| Radiation causes neurons to ______ of their destination, while alcohol causes neurons to migrate ______ their destination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the embryonic stage? The fetal stage? Which is more susceptible to the effects of alcohol? Smoking? |
|
Definition
| First trimester; second and third trimester; Embryonic; fetal |
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|
Term
| What does "Ghosts from the Nursery" have to say about John Locke’s view of the human baby as a tabula rasa? |
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Definition
| Children are far from Locke's idea of a blank slate: they have already developed memories and behaviors |
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|
Term
| In Asian culture, how old is a child considered to be at birth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Able to perceive or feel things |
|
|
Term
| How many neurons does the adult human brain have? When are they formed? If an electrician built a circuit as complex as the human brain, soldering connections at a rate of one connection per second, how long would it take him to complete the job? |
|
Definition
| 100 billion; before birth; 30 million years |
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|
Term
| What is the first of our senses to develop? How old is a fetus when it can hear the mother’s voice? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons migrate to their intended place in the brain between the ____ and ____ weeks of gestation. If they do not reach their proper place (e.g., because of exposure to toxins), consequences depend on how disrupted the migration process is. According to Restak, if extreme, the fetus will be _______. If milder, a pathologist could detect malformations. If even milder, a __________ will be dealing with the consequences. |
|
Definition
| 4th and 30th; aborted; psychiatrist |
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|
Term
| Eric Smith's mother was on Triadone (trimethadione) while she was pregnant because it treated her... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What MPA did Eric Smith have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kinds of problems did Eric Smith have as a toddler and as a school-age child? |
|
Definition
| Was not able to focus in school so held back, bullied, witnessed his sister's sexual abuse, aggressive and unsupportive step dad, no friends, threw violent tantrums where he would bang his head repeatedly |
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|
Term
| What was the result of Eric Smith's court case? |
|
Definition
| Convicted of 2nd degree murder and sentenced to a minimum of 9 years (although he is still in prison) |
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|
Term
| The textbook explains the story of Eric Smith as a product of exposure to teratogens AND _____ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Teratogen is derived from teraton (Greek), meaning “______” |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Teratogens tend to selectively damage certain ________ . What does the type and extent of damage they cause depend on? |
|
Definition
| Organs; timing of exposure, quantity consumed, and the sensitivity of the developing organ to the teratogen |
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|
Term
| The brain of a fetus has some protection from teratogens in the form of a “_____ _______” barrier (assuming it has sufficiently developed). |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| [B]y far the greatest determinant of fetal damage is the ______ of the exposure .” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thalidomide babies - From the slides we viewed in class, what determined whether a child was born without, say, arms versus born without ears? |
|
Definition
| If the exposure was between 35-37 days, the baby would be born without ears. If exposed between 39-41 days, without arms |
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|
Term
| The impact of drugs on the developing brain depends on the specific ______ process underway at the time of exposure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which teratogen appears to have more harmful long-term consequences: cocaine or alcohol? |
|
Definition
| Alcohol:it is consumed MUCH more often, can lead to retardation, and is the single greatest factor in predisposing infants to aggression. |
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|
Term
| The ________ period of gestation (i.e., the first 8 weeks of pregnancy) appears to be most vulnerable to drugs and alcohol. This is the time of organogenesis, meaning... |
|
Definition
| Embryonic; when cells are first dividing, proliferating, specializing and then migrating |
|
|
Term
| 1994 Alcohol Health and Research World survey found alcohol use by women is highest among what women? Crack use is highest among what women? |
|
Definition
| Young, unmarried Caucasion women with better educations, higher incomes, and work outside the home; African American |
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|
Term
| FAS is a major cause of _________. “Many experts believe fetal alcohol exposure may be the single largest factor setting up physical and neurological conditions that predispose American babies to ________ and _________ behavior.” |
|
Definition
| Retardation; aggressive and violent |
|
|
Term
| What is FAS versus FAE versus Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders |
|
Definition
FAS: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome; most extreme form
FAE: Fetal Alcohol Effects; range of effects that are not as severe as FAS
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Umbrella term for any symptoms caused by a pregnant mother's drinking |
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|
Term
| Streissguth said that FAS is the result of _______ ________ to the fetal brain caused by maternal ________ during ________ |
|
Definition
| Permanent damage; drinking, pregnancy |
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|
Term
| Olney discovered that how much drinking was required to permanently damage a fetus' brain? |
|
Definition
| A single prolonged contact with alcohol (4 hours or more) |
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|
Term
| MRIs of normal children versus those with FAS show... |
|
Definition
| Underdeveloped corpus callosums, smaller brains, misshapen brains |
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|
Term
| Nicotine is a cause of low birth weight and ___________ . These may lead to learning disabilities, problems relating to others emotionally, and neurological impairments such as ____ . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prenatal nicotine exposure is related to ______ and ______ in 6-year-olds; Smoking does the most damage during the ____ ____ months of pregnancy. |
|
Definition
| Impulsiveness, attention deficits; last 4 |
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|
Term
| Brennan found that prenatal exposure to nicotine is related to... |
|
Definition
| Increased crime rates in adult offspring |
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|
Term
| Wyrobek discovered that a man's smoking might damage what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most serious damage from cocaine exposure occurs when exposure is during the ______ trimester of gestation. What is altered that results in the damage? |
|
Definition
| First; Since cocaine can mimic neurotransmitters, it can change where neurons migrate in this stage |
|
|
Term
| When do synapses begin to develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A 1995 study of Israeli children of heroin addicts found when one or both parents are addicted, the key factor in causing their developmental problems (e.g., attention problems) is _______ ________ ____________ . |
|
Definition
| Severe environmental deprivation |
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|
Term
| Children born to heroin-addicted fathers show higher rates of ________ impairments compared to heroin addicted mothers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of maternal marijuana smoking while pregnant? |
|
Definition
| Low birth weight, decreased birth weight, and an increased in cancer rates |
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|
Term
| What has the recent research on the effects of prenatal exposure to nicotine (e.g., low body weight, height, and IQ) found regarding the long-term effects? |
|
Definition
| Children can develop ADHD, learning disabilities, behavioral problems, childhood cancers, and addiction |
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|
Term
| What drug are women less likely to decrease using than any other drug while pregnant: alcohol, nicotine, or heroine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The best policy for pregnant women with regard to taking medications is: “When in doubt, ____.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MPAs (minor physical anomalies) have been linked with... |
|
Definition
| Aggression, attentional problems, hyperactivity, and impulsivity |
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|
Term
| MPAs have been associated with significantly higher arrest rates, especially for ______ crimes. The recidivism rate was found to be ________ |
|
Definition
| Violent; higher for violent crimes |
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|
Term
| Brennan (1993) found that subjects with _________ at birth AND many MPAs were more likely to be _______ offenders than people with just one of these conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pine (1997) found high numbers of MPAs in boys with what disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arsenault (2000) found that boys with high numbers of MPAs at 14 were more likely to be ______ at 17, regardless of what? |
|
Definition
| Violent; psychosocial environment |
|
|
Term
| What are fluctuating asymmetries? |
|
Definition
| Individual variations in the bilateral symmetries of physical features that are symmetrical in the general population (ear length, foot width, etc) |
|
|
Term
| The Developmental Instability (DI) index is composed of ____ and _____, which suggests what? |
|
Definition
| FAs; MPAs; measures may be related to conduct disorders |
|
|
Term
| Lead's effects are entirely ________, there is no physically apparent difference between those exposed and those not exposed. Lead exposure can manifest in... |
|
Definition
| Behavioral; attention problems, aggression, and delinquency. Also best predictor of problems in school and adult criminal behavior |
|
|
Term
| What did Deborah Deno discover about boys exposed to lead? |
|
Definition
| It was the single largest contributing factor to delinquency |
|
|
Term
| Needleman believes that if lead were removed from the environment, between __ and __ % of criminality could be prevented |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do long-term trends in crime correlate with worldwide? |
|
Definition
| Changing environmental levels of lead |
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|
Term
| Rats will press a bar up to 2000 times/hr when electrodes are implanted in the _____ region of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which NT is associated with pleasurable sensation when the nucleus accumbens is stimulated? How is this related to sexual excitement, gambling, and video game playing? |
|
Definition
| Dopamine or norepinephrine; The same NT is released in the same place when engaging in those activities |
|
|
Term
| How does cocaine influence dopamine synapses? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates them by increasing dopamine and inhibiting its reputake |
|
|
Term
| How does nicotine affect dopamine synapses? |
|
Definition
| Increases dopamine release in synapses with nicotinic receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changes in neural pathways and synapses which are due to changes in behavior, environment and neural processes, as well as changes resulting from bodily injury |
|
|
Term
| What steps are involved in the development of neurons? |
|
Definition
| Proliferation, migration, differentiation, myelination, and synaptogenesis |
|
|
Term
| During a neurons migration, what happens if there is a deficit of immunoglobulins? How do developing axons find their general target areas? |
|
Definition
| Impaired migration, decreased brain size, decreased axon growth, and mental retardation; Chemical trails that either attract or repel the axons |
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|
Term
| Neurons begin by ______ to their proper locations and developing _____, which extend to their targets following _____ pathways |
|
Definition
| Migration; axons; chemical |
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|
Term
| Does the nervous system first form more or fewer neurons than it needs? How does it compensate? |
|
Definition
| Far more; Eliminating those that don't establish suitable connections or receive sufficient input |
|
|
Term
| ______ alter brain anatomy. Plasticity is greatest ______ in life but _______ throughout life. |
|
Definition
| Experiences; early; continues |
|
|
Term
| What forms first in a differentiating neuron, axons or dendrites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does myelination occur? |
|
Definition
| After birth and continuing for decades |
|
|
Term
| What is synaptogenesis? When does it occur? |
|
Definition
| Formation of the synapses; Before birth but continues throughout life |
|
|
Term
| Recent research has shown that new neurons continue to form in adults in the _________ region of the brain. |
|
Definition
| Hippocampus or cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| How many genes do humans have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is neural Darwinism? |
|
Definition
| The process by which neurons keep or reject synapses depending on how well the synapse works |
|
|
Term
| What is apoptosis? How is it different from necrosis? |
|
Definition
| Cell death; Apoptosis is like cell suicide whereas necrosis is death from injury or toxic exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemicals that promote the survival and activity of neurons |
|
|
Term
| Compare the effects of a fever during gastrulation (an early embryological stage) v. in adulthood |
|
Definition
Gastrulation: Impairs neuron proliferation
Adulthood: A mere annoyance |
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|
Term
| Many children exposed to smaller amounts of alcohol before birth have _______ deficits without facial signs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is apoptosis' role in FAS? |
|
Definition
| Alcohol supresses excitatory transmitters and cause more neurons to go into apoptosis than should have |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects on the children of women who smoke while pregnant? Why can’t we be sure that these effects are the result of the smoking? |
|
Definition
| Increased risk of ADD and other behavior problems; Mothers who smoke tend to have other risk factors which can contribute to the baby's problems |
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|
Term
| What are the effects on the offspring of mother rats that experience stress |
|
Definition
| They become permanently more fearful in a variety of situations |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of enriched environments on lab rats? Much of these effects are due to the fact that rats in these environments are more ______ . Thus, putting a _______ in the cages of rats that are kept in isolation will enhance the growth of their axons and dendrites. |
|
Definition
| Developed thicker cortex, more dendritic branching, and improved learning; physically active; running wheel |
|
|
Term
| What was the purpose of Thalidomide? |
|
Definition
| Anti-nausea drug for women with morning sickness |
|
|
Term
| Where does lead tend to accumulate in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can lead be found in breast milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jeffrey had 79 seconds of cerebral hypoxia at birth, meaning... |
|
Definition
| His brain wasn't getting enough oxygen |
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|
Term
| According to Chamberlain, 20 years ago, doctors viewed newborns very differently than they do today. What were some of the routine ways newborns were treated? What about underweight and premature babies? |
|
Definition
| Newborns were hung upside down by their feet and slapped at birth, immediately taken away from their mother, and placed in isolation where they could hear the cries of other distressed infants. Underweight/premature babies routinely underwent a surgery including a hole being cut in the chest and prying the ribs apart in order to tie off an artery to the heart. This often occurred without anesthesia. |
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|
Term
| “The dismissal of the ____________ of the baby is a major obstacle to the curtailment of violence.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the results of the Brennan, et al Danish study (of 4269 males) of birth complications and maternal rejection during first year of life? What about when there were birth complications and poverty? |
|
Definition
| Those with complications/rejection were responsible for 18% of the total crime committed by the whole group. Just birth complications and poverty did not increase criminal risk, it had to include maternal rejection |
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|
Term
| What were the findings of the Raine, Brennan, & Mednick (1993) study of delivery complications and parental mental illness? |
|
Definition
| Significant correlation between birth complications, parental mental illness, and violent crime during adolescence and adulthood: with both variables, 32% were violent; with mental illness only, 5%; and 0% with birth complications only |
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|
Term
| What were the results of the Clark & Schneider study of rhesus monkey babies of stressed versus non-stressed mothers? |
|
Definition
| The fetuses showed increased levels of cortisol and ACTH (stress hormones) when their mother experienced them. After birth, stressed babies were more likely to experience extreme stress and emotional responses to stressful events, had reduced interest in exploring new environments, and had 6x less play behavior than non-stressed monkeys |
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|
Term
| Prenatally stressed monkeys exhibit behaviors similar to children with ____________ temperaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Harlow primate studies on effects of prenatal stress showed that there were... |
|
Definition
| Diminished cognitive abilities, it induced attentional disorders, and produced neuromotor problems in rhesus monkeys |
|
|
Term
| What were the rodent studies on effects of prenatal stress? How do researchers relate this to experiencing domestic violence before birth? |
|
Definition
| In cases where the pregnant mouse was exposed to mice that attacked them, the offspring were aggressive in adulthood accompanied by increased cortisol levels. "Antisocial behavior in children may include the fetuses' experience of domestic violence before birth" |
|
|
Term
| In the case of murderer Robert Harris, how did his prenatal experiences possibly shape his later violent behavior? |
|
Definition
| His mother was kicked in the abdomen, which resulted in hemorrhaging and Harris' 3 month premature birth. He was abused in childhood by both parents and then turned around and vented his anger on those around him |
|
|
Term
| The Feldmar (1974) study of suicidal boys showed that the attempts occurred... |
|
Definition
| At the same time of year their mother's had tried to abort them |
|
|
Term
| In a prenatal maternal rejection study of 8000 pregnant women, it was found that the offspring of children who were unwanted by their mothers were... |
|
Definition
| 2.4x more likely to die in the first months of life |
|
|
Term
| Many adults in our culture find it difficult to acknowledge that the child they once were continues to ____ the adult they have become.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exposure of pregnant women to cat litter (which can lead to contact with cat feces and thus toxoplasmosis) has been linked to... |
|
Definition
| Blindness, mental disability, ADHD and other mental disorders in her baby. Note: toxoplasmosis can also be contracted through eating undercooked meat |
|
|
Term
| Many of the problems that occur during the birthing process are such that cause a reduction in the amount of ____________ to the brain of the fetus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can the results of the Raine, et al. (1994) study of birth complications (e.g., breech birth) and maternal rejection be considered "good news?" |
|
Definition
| The potential detrimental effects of the combination of birth complications and maternal rejection can be eliminated if one of the risk factors is removed |
|
|
Term
| What happened in the Chowchilla kidnapping? What was the latest news about the incident? |
|
Definition
| A school bus was hijacked by masked men. Some of the kids were put in an underground bunker while the younger ones were driven aimlessly for hours, then put in another bunker. They eventually escaped, and no one knows why they were taken. They were then examined for physical harm but not mental. The children still suffer from the trauma (can't sleep w/o a night light, can't ride subways, etc) |
|
|
Term
| Who was Dr. Lenore Terr and what did she have to do with the Chowchilla kidnapping? |
|
Definition
| Psychiatrist who heard about the kidnapping and wanted to help counsel the children. She evaluated them at 1, 4, and 5 years after the incident and found the kids were still seriously affected. |
|
|
Term
| Cortisol levels normally rise in response to stress, but levels are low in boys who engage in ______ _______. As such, they experience ____ ______. |
|
Definition
| Serious delinquency; "No fear" |
|
|
Term
| Hypervigilance (extreme sensitivity and behaviors that protect a person from a threat) can develop from... |
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Definition
| Prolonged exposure to stress early in life |
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Term
| What is the order of development of the following brain regions? cortex; mid-brain; limbic area; brainstem (and with what basic functions is each of these regions involved?) |
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Definition
1) Brainstem- basic functions like heart rate and body temperature
2) Mid-brain- sleep, appetite, arousal
3) Limbic area- emotional activity
4) Cortex- rational and analytical process |
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Term
| How do early experiences (e.g., exposure to music v. physical or sexual abuse) affect later behavior? |
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Definition
Music or loving parent- help control against violent or impulsive behavior
Abuse- increases likelihood of violence or impulsive behavior |
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Term
| Who is Bruce Perry and what does he study? |
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Definition
| Child psychiatrist; specializes in traumatized children |
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Term
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Definition
| Trauma experienced in a certain stage of development affects what is currently developing and anything that develops thereafter |
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Term
| According to Cathy Spatz Widom, what is the cycle of violence? |
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Definition
| We tend to parent as we were parented, so a history of maltreatment is associated with aggression and violence |
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Term
| What percentage of abused children will victimize their own children? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who coined the term "fight or flight" and what does it mean? |
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Definition
| WB Cannon in 1929; it describes the classical adult response to threat. |
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Term
| Infants respond to fear (threat or hunger or pain) by becoming very _________ (i.e., _________ ) or _______ (i.e., ___________ ). With the former, the child’s neural thermostat becomes stuck on high. The child becomes ____________ for signs predictive of the feared event (and the brain organizes over the overactivated systems to ensure the child’s survival). |
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Definition
| alert; hyperarousal; numb; dissociation; hypervigilant |
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Term
| Bruce Perry’s research on children from the Waco Branch Davidian compound had abnormally high noradrenaline levels (i.e., the chemical signature of ______); These high levels kept the body in a constant state of readiness. |
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Definition
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Term
| Are abused children more OR less likely to explore new environments? |
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Definition
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Term
| Early abuse undermines the foundation for developing self-control, ____ , and focused cognitive learning. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chronic overactivation of neurochemical responses to threat in the CNS, particularly early in life, can result in lifelong states of either _______ or _________ .” |
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Definition
| Dissociation; hyperarousal |
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Term
| Murray Straus' research on spanking has revealed that... |
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Definition
| Spanking has far reaching harmful effects, including the concept that you should hit people when you're angry, people you love you will hit you, as well as future inclinations towards aggression and violence |
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Term
| What is a sensitive versus a critical period? |
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Definition
Critical- a window in time in which a specific part of the brain is open to stimulation, after which it closes forever
Sensitive- less precise period of time when it appears that key functions are strongly affected but may not be lost forever |
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Term
| What does the textbook say explains why one boy wreaks havoc on innocent people and another who experienced the same pain doesn't commit such crimes? |
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Definition
| Neurological factors can make a person more likely to engage in violent behaviors when exposed to abusive home environments. These often manifest as disorders that are left untreated |
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Term
| "Whether children become poets or ax murderers depends on the interaction of ________ and __________ factors.” |
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Definition
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Term
| In addition to neurological impairments or psychological illnesses, most violent children have ______ disorders. |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurological abnormalities make a child more _______ to negative environments. |
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Definition
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Term
| Biological (e.g., prenatal exposure to drugs) and social factors (e.g., abusive or nurturing parents) can serve either as _______ factors or as protective factors. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 key protective factors (that protect against later violent behavior)? Which interactive process, beginning in the first year after birth, provides the foundation for these protective factors? |
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Definition
| Empathy or attachment to others, ability to control emotions, and opportunity to develop higher level cognitive processes; Formation of a secure attachment to a primary caregiver |
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Term
| What is John Bowlby's attachment theory? |
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Definition
| Children form templates that organize their beliefs and expectations and are based on experiences with caregivers |
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Term
| While Lorenz's idea of imprinting was applied to babies at first, we now know that for human babies, attachment does not occur all at once but rather... |
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Definition
| It is a cumulative process of minute interchanges between a child and caregiver over a period of months or years |
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Term
| What is Bowlby’s construct of the child’s “internal working model?” Brazelton’s study of intergenerational caretaking behaviors? |
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Definition
Working model- The child's template for how parenting is performed. Built by the child's own experience and applied to their own children
Intergenerational- The way a baby was held and burped while feeding are replicated when the baby has his or her own children |
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Term
| To what do the terms securely attached, ambivalent, avoidant, and Type D/disorganized refer? |
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Definition
Securely- Child is confident of caregiver's support
Ambivalent- When caregiver returns to child after absence, the child is ambivalent
Avoidant- Ignores or avoids caregiver when present or after an absence, no interest in environment
Type D- Exhibits a mix of avoidant and resistant behaviors. But the main theme is one of confusion and anxiety. |
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Term
| Researchers estimate that 90% of abused and neglected children exhibit ____________ attachment. |
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Definition
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Term
| The orbitofrontal cortex integrates sensory input (e.g., sight and smell of mother) with infant’s emotional state arising from ______ system (e.g., joy or fear reaction to mother given her responsiveness or lack thereof to infant’s needs); Schore believes the most far-reaching effect of early trauma and neglect is the loss of _______________ . |
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Definition
| Limbic; the ability to regulate the intensity of feelings |
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Term
| What is a "failure to thrive?" |
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Definition
| Poor physical growth that can be caused by neglect, abuse, or trauma |
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Term
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Definition
| One who was so neglected by his or her parents that he or she never developed certain functions such as language or how to behave socially |
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Term
| According to Bruce Perry, child neglect is a "silent epidemic," with twice as many incidents as _____ or ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Define neglect in terms of absence of stimulation |
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Definition
| Lack of stimulation that, during critical or sensitive periods, can result in complete lack of neurological development |
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Term
| What is total global neglect? |
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Definition
| Neglect that results in a brain that is undeveloped in all areas |
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Term
| In her adoptive family, what does Danielle crave most from her adoptive parents? |
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Definition
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Term
| MRI of the brain of an extremely neglected child shows... |
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Definition
| Smaller brain size, flat gyri, and larger ventricles |
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Term
| What is alexithymia? Is it a result of abuse or neglect? |
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Definition
| Deficiency in understanding, processing, or describing emotions; Neglect |
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