Term
| Measure of how a reaction will proceed? |
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Definition
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Term
| net loss of energy; spontaneous and exergonic? |
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Definition
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Term
| net gain of energy; nonspontaneous and endergonic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Adenosine consists of what two things? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: exergonic hydrolysis of ATP can be coupled to an endergonic reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| phosphorylation of things that do not need oxygen? |
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Definition
| substrate level phosphorylation |
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Term
| phosphorylation of things that needs oxygen? |
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Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
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Term
| what are the two energy rich electron carrier coenzymes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the uses of NADH and FADH2? |
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Definition
| used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| What is the final common pathway for metabolic catabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the Electron transport chain occur in the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many complexes are there in the ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
| With the ETC is there a gradual increase in energy or a gradual release in energy? |
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Definition
| gradual release in energy |
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Term
| True or False: the inner membrane of the mitochondria is impermeable to most small ions, small and large molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ products of TCA cycle enter ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
What complex is this?
NADH transfers proton to NADH dehydrogenase on inner mitochondrial membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| In complex 1 the electron is transferred to what? |
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Definition
| flavin mononucleotide (FMN) |
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Term
| Once complex 1 has occurred the electrons go from FMN to what? |
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Definition
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Term
What complex is this?
FADH2 transfers to iron-sulfur protein then coenzyme Q? |
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Definition
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Term
| Accepts hydrogens from Complex 1 and 2? |
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Definition
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Term
| Complex 3 accepts the hydrogen from coenzyme Q. What is complex 3 also called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the mobile electron carrier? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytochrome C transports the electrons to complex 4. What is complex 4 AKA? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is formed by complex 4? |
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Definition
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Term
| In complex 4 water is formed by what enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhibition of ETC inhibits what? |
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Definition
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Term
| In ETC there is a gradual release through a series of ___ reactions to oxidize NADH and FADH2? |
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Definition
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Term
| NADH formed in the cytosol during glycolysis must be transported into the miochondria via what two shuttles? |
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Definition
malate-aspartate shuttle
Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle |
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Term
| Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle generates ____ for complex 2? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false NADH and FADH2 are reduced during the ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Proton pumping from matrix to intermembrane space occurs at what complexes? |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is an antibiotic drug that closes the proton channel? |
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Definition
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Term
| Compounds that divert the protons from traveling through ATP synthase are said to _____ these processes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetic deficiencies of oxidative phosphorylation are usually due to mutations in ____ rather than nuclear DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP is theoretically yielded from glycolysis all the way through the ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the actual energy yield from glycolysis all the way through ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some reasons that the actual energy yield is less than the theoretical yield? |
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Definition
Leaky inner membrane- some protons escape ATP synthase
Use of proton gradient for purposes other than ATP synthesis |
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Term
| Pentose Phosphate Pathway is AKA? |
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Definition
| hexose monophosphate shunt |
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Term
| Where does the pentose phosphate pathway occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the substrate of the pentose phosphate pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: In the pentose phosphate pathway no ATP is produced or consumed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a precursor to forming nucleotides? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the purposes of NADPH? |
|
Definition
reducing agent for biochemical reactions
synthesis of fatty acids and steroid hormones
important to RBCs |
|
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Term
| Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother or the father? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the Pentose Phosphate Pathway dehydrogenation of glucose-6-phosphate by _____ forms _-__________? |
|
Definition
G6PD
6-phosphogluconlactone |
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Term
| What is the coenzyme for the first reaction of the pentose phosphate pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is a strong competitive inhibitor in the step where G6P is dehydrated to form 6-phosphogluconolactone? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: The 1st step of the pentose phosphate pathway is down regulated by insulin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two steps in the pentose phosphate pathway that forms ribulose-5-phosphate? |
|
Definition
hydrolysis of 6-phosphogluconolactone(hydrolase),
decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate (dehydrogenase) |
|
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Term
| Once ribulose-5-phosphate is made it will be converted into what three things? |
|
Definition
ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis
intermediate for glycolysis( G3P or F6P)
(depends on cell's needs |
|
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Term
| What is a key component of NADPH? |
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Definition
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Term
| NADPH is used in _____ where it is an electron donor in fatty acid and steroid synthesis (rather than O2) |
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Definition
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Term
True or False: NADPH can provide electrons to antioxidant enzymes?
Ex. in the RBCs |
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Definition
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Term
This is a use of NADPH?
general reaction for biosynthesis of steroid hormones along inner mitochondrial membrane as well as detoxification of drugs and toxins inside the smooth endoplasmic reticulum for excretion? |
|
Definition
| cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system |
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Term
| Oxygen dependent systems use what enzyme for phagocytosis by white blood cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| For synthesis of nitric oxide NADPH is a substrate for ________ along with arginine and O2? |
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Definition
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Term
Vasodilator of smooth muscle
neurotransmitter in CNS and PNS
involved in macrophage function
very short half-life
These are all functions of what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for starting the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
an inherited
disease characterized by hemolytic anemia caused by the inability to
detoxify oxidizing agents. |
|
Definition
| glucose-6-dehydrogenase deficiency |
|
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Term
| True or False: Glucose-6-phosphate deficiency is Y-linked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency RBCs cannot form ____ maintenance? |
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Definition
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Term
| In G6P dehydrogenase deficiency oxidation of sulfhydryl groups forms insoluble masses of protein called? |
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Definition
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Term
| In G6P dehydrogenase deficiency do RBCs become rigid or soft? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Symptoms of G6P dehydrogenase deficiency are triggered by what three things? |
|
Definition
oxidant drugs ex. antibiotics
favism- fava beans induce hemolysis
infection- generation of free radicals in macrophages |
|
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Term
| How many variants of g6p dehydrogenase deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is released from liver and kidneys in the absence of dietary glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycogenesis is synthesized in the cytosol using what two things? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| glucose is synthesized from UTP and glucose-1-phosphate-->exergonic(favorable) reaction? |
|
Definition
| UDP (uridine diphosphate) |
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Term
| What enzyme do you use to create alpha (1-->4) linkages? in glycogenesis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| With the elongation of glycogen chain UDP-glucose continues to transfer glucose via what enzyme? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Does branching of glycogen make it more or less soluble polysaccharide with a larger size of the overall molecule? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| With branching of glycogen it accelerates the rate of synthesis by increasing the number of _____________ ends? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycogenesis is performed by a _______ called amylo alpha(1-->4)-->alpha(1-->6)-transglucosidase? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Degradation of glycogen is not the reverse of glycogenesis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Primary products of glycogenolysis are? |
|
Definition
| glucose-1-phosphate and free glucose(from branch points) |
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|
Term
What enzyme is used to cleave alpha(1-->4) bonds to produce glucose-1-phosphate?
The remaining structure of this is called? |
|
Definition
glycogen phosphorylase
limit dextrin |
|
|
Term
| G1P converted to G6P by what enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: the G6P from glycogenolysis can enter glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lysosomal degradation of glycogen normally occurs at what bond? |
|
Definition
| alpha (1-->4)-glucosidase(acid maltase) |
|
|
Term
| Accumulation in vacuoles in the lysosomes can lead to what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This leads to muscle weakness and affects heart,liver, and nervous system as well? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase are regulated what two ways? |
|
Definition
| hormonally and allosterically |
|
|
Term
| signaled by binding of glucagon or epinephrine to GPCRs? |
|
Definition
| activation of glycogen degradation |
|
|
Term
| glycogen degradation is inhibited by what? |
|
Definition
| insulin through action of protein phosphatase (PP1) |
|
|
Term
| GPCR binding activates adenylyl cyclase and synthesis of cAMP therefore it activates what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regulated enzyme is glycogen synthase-active form is dephosphorylated? |
|
Definition
| inhibition of glycogen synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Glycogenesis is favored when energy and substrates are (high or low)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycogen synthase is activated by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycogen phosphorylase inhibited by what two things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycogenolysis is favored when energy and substrates are (high or low)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca2+ and CaM complex activates what enzyme? |
|
Definition
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