Term
| Organelles Unique to Plants (4) |
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Definition
| Chloroplasts, Central Vacuole, Cell Wall, Plasmodesmata |
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Term
| The Components/Organelles Common to both Plant and Animal Cells (8) |
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Definition
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth and rough), Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton, Mitochondria, Peroxisome, Plasma Membrane, Golgi Apparatus, Nucleus |
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Term
| Organelles Unique to Animals (3) |
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Definition
| Lysosomes, Centrosomes with Centrioles, Flagella (except for some plant sperm cells) |
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Term
| 3 Components of the Cytoskeleton |
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Definition
| Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, Microtubules |
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Term
| 3 Components of the Nucleus |
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Definition
| Nuclear Envelope, Chromatin, Nucleolus |
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Term
| The Phases of Mitosis (5) |
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Definition
| Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA (chromatin) condenses into chromosomes, Chromosomes appear as sister chromatids joined at the centromere, Mitotic spindle forms (centrosomes - microtubules - asters), Centrosomes move to opposite sides |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear envelope fragments, Each sister chromatid has a kinetochore with microtubules of spindle attached |
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Term
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Definition
| Mitotic spindle fully formed, Chromosomes pushed to metaphase plate by kinetochore microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
Mitotic spindle pushes & pulls, Kinetochore microtubules shorten;
nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen, Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles, Cell elongates, Each end has one complete set of chromosomes when finished |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear envelopes form, Chromosomes uncoil, Mitotic spindle disappears |
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Term
Plant Cell Cytokinesis
Vs
Animal Cell Cytokinesis |
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Definition
Plant: Has a Cell Plate (new cell wall fragments) in the Center, Performed by Cytoskeleton
Animal: Performed with the Centrioles, has a metaphase plate (imaginary line) |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproductive Cells (an egg or sperm cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes (proteins) that give go-ahead signals at G1 and G2 checkpoints, Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) must be attached to a cyclin to be active & work |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein that “carries” the kinase, concentration in cell fluctuates |
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Term
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Definition
| The X-shaped, microscopically visisble region where homologous nonsister chromatids have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis, the two homologs remaining associated due to sister chromatids. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of chromosomes the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organisms father, the other from the mother. Also called homologs, or homologous pair. |
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Term
| The 3 ways that genetic variation arises |
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Definition
| Crossing Over (intentional genetic mixups), Random Fertilization (who mates with who), Independent Assortment (the different ways chromosomes can be divided) |
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Term
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Definition
The four chromatids that result from synapsis.
vs
A pair of identical Chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| A display of the chromosomes pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses) |
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Term
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Definition
| In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis. The haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pairing and physical connection of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stack of thykaloids in chloroplasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fluid outside & surrounds thykaloids in chloroplasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tight Junctions, Gap Junctions, DESMOSOMES |
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Term
| The Three Functions of Vacuoles |
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Definition
| Storing food or toxins, Central (used for endomembrane system in plants), Contractile |
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Term
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Definition
| The substance in which animal cells are embedded, consisting of a protein and polysaccharides synthesized and secreted by cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| An intercellular junction in animal ells that functions as a rivet. |
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Term
| Pseudopodium (pseudopodia pl.) |
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Definition
| A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist hellically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other kinds of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of protein filament that acts as a motor protein with actin filaments to cause cell contraction. |
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Term
| The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient. |
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Definition
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Term
| The 6 Components of the Endomembrane System |
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Definition
| Nuclear Envelope, Golgi Apparatus, Plasma Membrane, Lysosome, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Vesicles (animals only) and Vacuoles (plants only) |
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Term
| Stage where crossover occurs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A short, hairlike appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells; also known as an attachment pilus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Same as Transport Protein: A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a plant cell pulls away from its wall because it loses water due to a hypertonic solution. |
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Term
| In what 2 ways are mitochondria and chloroplasts similar? |
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Definition
| They both produce energy, they both have many folds within them. |
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Term
| The three unique events to Meiosis I |
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Definition
| Snyapsis and crossing over, Homologs on the metaphase plate, Separation of Homologs. |
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Term
| How cells coordinate cellular activity |
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Definition
| They use chemical signaling through gap junctions in animal cells and plasmodesmata in plant cells, they use hormones, and integrins in the extracellular matrix. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Typically a transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophillic regions in contact with the aqueous solution on either side of the membrane (or lining the channel in the case of channel protein). |
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Term
| What are the things that make cancer continue to spread? (7) |
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Definition
| Divides Immortally, Ignores Checkpoints, Ignores Anchorage Dependence, Ignores Density Dependence, Steals nutrients from other cells, Will grow its own vascular tissue to support itself, will grow despite growth factor proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. |
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Term
| Cell Cycle Control System |
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Definition
| A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. |
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Term
| What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| Cholesterol reduces membrane fluidity at moderate temperatures by reducing phospholipid movement, but at low temperatures it hinders solidification by disrupting the regular packing of phospholipids. |
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Term
Integral Proteins
vs
Peripheral Proteins |
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Definition
Integral- Penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer.
vs
Peripheral- Stuck on the outside part of the cell. |
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Term
| The 6 Functions of Membrane Proteins and Carbohydrates |
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Definition
| Transport of things across the membrane, enzymatic activity, Signal transduction/act as a receptor, Cell to cell recognition, Intercellular Joining, attachment to the cytoskeleton and ECM |
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Term
| How Plant and Animal Cells react to the 3 different types of solutions. |
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Definition
Hypertonic- ain't nobody like dat SHEIT animal cells undergo crenation while plant cells undergo plasmolysis
Isotonic- animal cells are good while plant cells are flaccid (no good)
Hypotonic- animal cells will lyse while plant cells are turgid (good) |
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Term
| 2 Types of membrane carbohydrates and their function. |
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Definition
| Glycolipids & Glycoproteins function in cell recognition. |
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Term
| What are the other names for the phases of interphase |
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Definition
| First Gap (RESTRICTION POINT) (G1), Synthesis (S), Second Gap (G2) |
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Term
| The process of binary fission (3 steps) |
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Definition
| DNA splitting begins at the origin of replication until fully replicated, then the second origin of replication moves to the opposite end of the cell, then the cell elongates until it splits and two cells exist. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The name for a chromosomes that is not a sex chromosome. |
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Definition
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