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| A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments (actin filaments) in muscle and other kinds of cells. |
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| A eukaryotic cell structure consisting of a “9 + 0” arrangement of microtubule triplets. The basal body may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum and is structurally very similar to a centriole. |
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| (1) The outer region of cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell, lying just under the plasma membrane, that has a more gel-like consistency than the inner regions due to the presence of multiple microfilaments. (2) In plants, ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or eudicot stem. |
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| A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes. |
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| An extracellular glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attach to the extracellular matrix. |
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| A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. Like motile cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a core with nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules (the “9 + 2” arrangement) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. Prokaryotic flagella have a different structure. |
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| A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell. |
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| A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
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| In animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein with two subunits that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. |
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| A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments. |
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| A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists. |
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| A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also known as an actin filament. |
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| A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella. |
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| In plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells. |
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| The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA. |
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| An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP. |
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| A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell. |
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| A type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction. |
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| A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated. |
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| Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
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| A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes. |
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| A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus. See also nucleolus. |
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| The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. |
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| A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular “machinery” used to convert light energy to chemical energy. |
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| A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells. |
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| A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. |
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| a body (centrosome: structure present in the cytoplasm of all animal cells, important during cell division) |
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| green (chloroplast: the site of photosynthesis in plants and algae) |
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| hair (cilium: a short hair-like cellular appendage with a microtubule core) |
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| cell (cytosol: a semifluid medium in a cell in which are located organelles) |
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| small (organelle: a small membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells) |
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| inner (endomembrane system: the system of membranes within a cell that includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane) |
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| true (eukaryotic cell: a cell that has a true nucleus) |
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| outside (extracellular matrix: the substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded) |
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| whip (flagellum: a long whip-like cellular appendage that moves cells) |
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| sweet (glycoprotein: a protein covalently bonded to a carbohydrate) |
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| sheet/layer (nuclear lamina: a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus) |
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